Available graduate positions

Exciting opportunity for a Ph.D. student to join the Lake Futures: Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience of Lakes and their Watersheds project, funded under the Global Water Futures.

The successful applicant will work in the laboratory of Rebecca Rooney (University of Waterloo) co-advised by Jan Ciborowski (University of Windsor) and will enroll in the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Biology-Water graduate program under the Collaborative Water Program, supported by the Water Institute at the University of Waterloo.

Starting date: Jan 1, 2018

Our ability to effectively manage aquatic ecosystems is limited by our ability to monitor system inputs or to predict the complex environmental responses. Both conceptual and mechanistic models are important tools in helping to understand ecological relationships in aquatic ecosystems and to create hypotheses about causal pathways that can improve natural resource management. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) offer an approach that summarizes qualitative and semi-quantitative information. 

The student will have the opportunity to evaluate, refine and develop FCM models to improve our understanding of the associations between land-based drivers of eutrophication (agriculture, rural and urban development) and biological manifestations of concern in Lake Erie (harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, Cladophora fouling, botulism).

The model pathways showing the strongest associations between drivers and biological response variables will identify candidate indicator variables whose association with drivers will be subsequently calibrated using machine learning algorithms. Identification of appropriate indicators is a major knowledge gap constraining management of eutrophication related issues in Lake Erie. This project offers a substantial opportunity for the student to work collaboratively the Lake Erie Management community to plan and undertake co-operative monitoring in Lake Erie and its watersheds.

To be eligible, applicants must have successfully defended and submitted their MSc thesis prior to the proposed start date. Applicants should have strong interests in quantitative ecology and a background in food webs or nutrient dynamics of aquatic ecosystems.  They should be highly motivated, with the ability to work independently and collaboratively, and possess strong verbal and written communication skills.

Applications must include a cover letter, C.V., unofficial transcripts, and the contact information of three references. All documentation submitted must be assembled in a single PDF file and sent to: Dr. Rebecca Rooney, c/o Tatjana Milojevic at GWF-UW@uwaterloo.ca with PhD-LFWP3-YourName in the subject line.

Additional Background Information:

Lake Erie has often been used as an example of the effectiveness of adaptive management approaches to resolving various manifestations of environmental problems. The recognition that phosphorus was the key factor responsible of Lake Erie’s eutrophication led to the implementation of pollution controls that resulted in a dramatic recovery by the 1990s. The first evidence of re-eutrophication was observed at a time when total phosphorus loading targets were being met. Although research at the time was insufficient to explain the underlying drivers, the International Joint Commission convened a series of workshops to identify possible causes. A panel of experts used a Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping approach to summarize key variables and relationships among components of the food web and identify the most likely factors.  Several years of directed research resolved many of the uncertainties - re-eutrophication is now ascribed largely to greater nutrient loading (during wet springs) and to an increase the relative amount of bioavailable phosphorus entering Lake Erie.  Current recommendations call for a 40% reduction in the annual load of phosphorus to western Lake Erie to minimize the frequency of harmful algal blooms.

The student engaged in this project will link human activity to adverse environmental consequences (e.g., eutrophication, algal blooms) using fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) and graph theory models (Ozesmi & Ozesmi 2004; Malek 2017).

Building on models first posited in 2009 by the International Joint Commission and the Lake Erie LAMP to identify the causes of harmful algal blooms in the Western Basin of Erie (IJC 2009) this project will address a major knowledge gap, one manifestation of which is causes of blooms of Cladophora in the Eastern Basin of Lake Erie. We will update the FCM model with findings from recent research results, and expand the model by adding novel sub-models that incorporate the roles of agriculture and urban land use to probabilistically evaluate the risks to/improvement in water quality posed by changes in land use and climate.  This process will identify relevant, sensitive ecological indicators that will assist GWF end users in monitoring and decision-making.  This project integrates the inputs/outputs of coupled lake-watershed nutrient dynamic models to measures and manifestations of the vulnerability, resilience, degradation and recovery of Lake Erie and facilitates the assessment of management objectives that can counter water quality deterioration and abate nuisance algal blooms under changing climate and land-use scenarios. 

Graduate Positions in Quantitative Ecology 
Kim Cuddington (http://ecotheory.uwaterloo.ca), Department of Biology.

I am looking students interested in quantitative ecology to join my lab.  Potential research projects include (but are not limited to) the following:  

1. Incorporating ecosystem engineering into recovery plans for the recovery of Hine's emerald dragonfly in Ontario

Our mathematical models suggest that if the predator alters the habitat in a way that benefits the prey, then the predator-prey relationship could actually be a net positive for the prey species. However, the engineering impact of the predator on the prey will also depend on the abiotic conditions. As we simultaneously pursue models and laboratory tests of this phenomena, we are also investigating some important applications. Hine's emerald dragonfly is endangered in Canada and the US, and may have a complex relationship with burrowing crayfish. The crayfish dig burrows that reach the water table, and so provide the larval dragonflies with a refuge from drought conditions. But crayfish also consume the larvae, suggesting that crayfish provide a net benefit to the dragonfly population only under some climate conditions.

2. Developing and testing models of the effect environmental variation on invasive species, espcially giant hogweed. 

While everyone is now familiar with the trends in mean environmental conditions associated with climate change (e.g., rising temperatures) , it is also clear that the variance of climate is also being modified. Weather patterns are generally highly autocorrelated - a warm day usually follows another above average warm day. The degree to which, for instance, air temperatures will be autocorrelated can be highly affected by geographical factors (e.g. Deserts tend to have very hot days and cold nights due to very low humidity, whereas coastal regions tend to have much more consistent temperatures throughout the year). Therefore, if climate conditions are highly autocorrelated, conditions beneficial or detrimental to a population may perisist over long periods. The study of effects of climate autocorrelation on extinction and invasion dynamics is a major research focus of this lab.

3. Determining the effect of plant morphology on microclimate, and predicting pest species dynamics using 3D simulation

Herbivorous insects and their prey interact on the complicated surfaces offered by plants. Diffusion-limitation caused by plant shape could affect the dynamics of these insects. But in addition, plants also alter the microclimate underneath their canopy, affecting factors such as humidity and temperature. We are investigating these potential effects of plant morphology on predator-prey dynamics using isogenic peas that differ in morphology, aphids and predators such as ladybugs. So far we have determined that plant shape does alter predator consumption rates, but not in the way we first predicted! Predators do best on plants with many edges that allow them to maintain a firm grip. We are conducting large-scale greenhouse experiments to see if this effect on predator success scales up to alter pea aphid population dynamics.

We provide four years of funding for students in a PhD program. Inquiries to kcudding@uwaterloo.ca .The application for graduate studies is here (https://uwaterloo.ca/graduate-­‐studies/application-­‐admission/apply-­‐online).

Motivated MSc students are sought to participate in novel Arctic research based out of the newly completed Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Cambridge Bay, NU.

(https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1314731268547/1314731373200).

PROJECT AIMS: to develop an improved understanding of how human-induced changes in Arctic freshwater ecosystems (i.e., climate change, resource development) may impact the northern freshwater ecosystems.

Research projects will focus on a series of interlinked thematic studies (Figure 1) aimed at developing a comprehensive, multi-trophic understanding of the functioning and connectivity of aquatic ecosystems within the Greiner Lake watershed, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, using the watershed as a model Arctic ecosystem. The overall aim being to establish and validate monitoring protocols for aquatic ecosystems in the north, thereby providing tools to government agencies for the continued routine monitoring of the systems and a means by which the significance of the accumulation of future ecosystem impacts may be determined.

Required qualifications:

• B.Sc in Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Science or related discipline
• Interest in designing experiments and conducting field monitoring in remote locations
• Ability to work as part of a team
• Meet graduate studies enrolment requirements at the University of Waterloo or Wilfred Laurier University

Additional desired qualifications:

• Experience in conducting aquatic fieldwork, ideally in remote locations
• Knowledge of univariate and multivariate statistical analyses
• Experience working with a diversity of project partners including Inuit communities
• Experience with ArcGIS
• Ability to write and present in English
• Knowledge of French for candidates interested in enrolling at UQAC

MSc 1 Stream habitat and productivity: (WLU) – Research will focus on understanding the role of stream-lake  connectivity by examining the importance of lake abiotic properties and associated food webs as sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus subsidies to stream food webs. Downstream foodwebs, their implications

the community-wide niche space of stream food webs the standing crop biomass (e.g.,  juvenile fish  and invertebrates will be examined.

MSc 2 Fisheries oriented: (Waterloo) – Research will focus on the relative importance of thermal habitat and ecosystem productivity and connectivity for determining the sustainability of fisheries under climate warming and development scenarios. Data will be used to test the hypotheses that: stream fish occupancy densities and biomass are positively correlated with measures of stream productivity (see above) and temperature and that among system variation in fish growth and condition at the landscape level is related to variations in watershed lake measures of productivity and temperature.

Please send your CV, unofficial transcripts, a list of three references (along with contact phone and email), and a cover letter summarizing your qualifications and research interests to all of the following:

University of Waterloo: Dr. Michael Power (m3power@uwaterloo.ca)

Wilfrid Laurier University: Dr. Joseph Culp at (jculp@wlu.ca)

Application deadline: 30 May, 2018 but applications will be accepted until all positions are filled.