A special session on legacy effects of nutrients will be held at the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco in December 2019. ‘A Race Against Time: Legacy Effects of Land Use on Water Quality, Watershed Processes and Ecosystem Function’ will showcase research examining how human activity has shaped patterns in sediments, nutrients, and contaminants in the landscape over time. This session focuses on how the effects of agriculture, resource extraction, and urbanization influence water quality, watershed processes and ecosystem function over decades to centuries.