@article {945,
	title = {InverseMuscleNET: Alternative machine learning solution to static optimization and inverse muscle modeling},
	journal = {Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	abstract = {<p>InverseMuscleNET, a machine learning model, is proposed as an alternative to static optimization for resolving the redundancy issue in inverse muscle models. A recurrent neural network (RNN) was optimally configured, trained, and tested to estimate the pattern of muscle activation signals. Five biomechanical variables (joint angle, joint velocity, joint acceleration, joint torque, and activation torque) were used as inputs to the RNN. A set of surface electromyography (EMG) signals, experimentally measured around the shoulder joint for flexion/extension, were used to train and validate the RNN model. The obtained machine learning model yields a normalized regression in the range of 88\&ndash;91\% between experimental data and estimated muscle activation. A sequential backward selection algorithm was used as a sensitivity analysis to discover the less dominant inputs. The order of most essential signals to least dominant ones was as follows: joint angle, activation torque, joint torque, joint velocity, and joint acceleration. The RNN model required 0.06 s of the previous biomechanical input signals and 0.01 s of the predicted feedback EMG signals, demonstrating the dynamic temporal relationships of the muscle activation profiles. The proposed approach permits a fast and direct estimation ability instead of iterative solutions for the inverse muscle model. It raises the possibility of integrating such a model in a real-time device for functional rehabilitation and sports evaluation devices with real-time estimation and tracking. This method provides clinicians with a means of estimating EMG activity without an invasive electrode setup.</p>
},
	doi = {10.3389/fncom.2021.759489},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncom.2021.759489/full$\#$h13},
	author = {Ali Nasr and Keaton A. Inkol and Sydney Bell and John McPhee}
}
