@article {diagnostics11112049,
	title = {Automation of Lung Ultrasound Interpretation via Deep Learning for the Classification of Normal versus Abnormal Lung Parenchyma: A Multicenter Study},
	journal = {Diagnostics},
	volume = {11},
	number = {11},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2049},
	abstract = {Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an accurate thoracic imaging technique distinguished by its handheld size, low-cost, and lack of radiation. User dependence and poor access to training have limited the impact and dissemination of LUS outside of acute care hospital environments. Automated interpretation of LUS using deep learning can overcome these barriers by increasing accuracy while allowing point-of-care use by non-experts. In this multicenter study, we seek to automate the clinically vital distinction between A line (normal parenchyma) and B line (abnormal parenchyma) on LUS by training a customized neural network using 272,891 labelled LUS images. After external validation on 23,393 frames, pragmatic clinical application at the clip level was performed on 1162 videos. The trained classifier demonstrated an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.96 ({\textpm}0.02) through 10-fold cross-validation on local frames and an AUC of 0.93 on the external validation dataset. Clip-level inference yielded sensitivities and specificities of 90\% and 92\% (local) and 83\% and 82\% (external), respectively, for detecting the B line pattern. This study demonstrates accurate deep-learning-enabled LUS interpretation between normal and abnormal lung parenchyma on ultrasound frames while rendering diagnostically important sensitivity and specificity at the video clip level.},
	issn = {2075-4418},
	doi = {10.3390/diagnostics11112049},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/11/2049},
	author = {Arntfield, Robert and Wu, Derek and Tschirhart, Jared and VanBerlo, Blake and Ford, Alex and Ho, Jordan and McCauley, Joseph and Wu, Benjamin and Deglint, Jason and Chaudhary, Rushil and Dave, Chintan and VanBerlo, Bennett and Basmaji, John and Millington, Scott}
}
