@article {28871,
	title = {Capturing out-of-plane shear failures in the analysis of reinforced concrete shells},
	journal = {Journal of Structural Engineering},
	volume = {141},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {04015058},
	abstract = {A procedure for nonlinear analysis of RC slabs and shell structures is presented. Cracked RC is treated as an orthotropic material governed by a smeared rotating crack procedure and the constitutive formulations of the disturbed stress field model. The analysis procedure is implemented within the framework of a finite-element program employing layered thick-shell elements that consider out-of-plane (through-thickness) shear deformations. A simple modification method employing an effective shear strain concept is introduced to improve the out-of-plane performance of the layered shell element for RC applications. The adequacy of the procedure is verified using test data of RC members controlled by out-of-plane shear failure mechanisms and elements under combined in-plane and out-of-plane loading scenarios. The nonlinear finite-element program is shown to be suitable for elements exhibiting ductile or\&nbsp;brittle responses, and the shear modification method introduced is found to be capable of capturing out-of-plane shear failures.},
	url = {https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001311},
	author = {Trevor Hrynyk and Frank J Vecchio}
}
