@inproceedings {30, title = {A Semi-supervised Approach for Ice-water Classification Using Dual-Polarization SAR Satellite Imagery}, booktitle = {CVPR 2015 Earthvision Workshop}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

The daily interpretation of SAR sea ice imagery is very important for ship navigation and climate monitoring. Currently, the interpretation is still performed manually by ice analysts due to the complexity of data and the difficulty of creating fine-level ground truth. To overcome these problems, a semi-supervised approach for ice-water classification based on self-training is presented. The proposed algorithm integrates the spatial context model, region merging, and the self-training technique into a single framework. The backscatter intensity, texture, and edge strength features are incorporated in a CRF model using multi-modality Gaussian model as its unary classifier. Region merging is used to build a hierarchical data-adaptive structure to make
the inference more efficient. Self-training is concatenated with region merging, so that the spatial location information of the original training samples can be used. Our algorithm has been tested on a large-scale RADARSAT-2 dualpolarization dataset over the Beaufort and Chukchi sea, and the classification results are significantly better than the supervised methods without self-training

}, keywords = {Remote Sensing, Satellite SAR Sea Ice Classification}, author = {F Li and D A. Clausi and L Wang and L Xu} } @article {229, title = {AISIR: Automated inter-sensor/inter-band satellite image registration using robust complex wavelet feature representations}, journal = {Pattern Recognition Letters}, volume = {31}, year = {2010}, pages = {1160 - 1167}, abstract = {

An automated registration system named AISIR (Automated inter-sensor/inter-band satellite image registration) has been designed and implemented for the purpose of registering satellite images acquired using different sensors and spectral bands. Sensor and environmental noise, contrast non-uniformities, and inter-sensor and inter-band intensity mapping differences are addressed in the AISIR system. First, a novel modified Geman-McClure M-estimation scheme using a robust phase-adaptive complex wavelet feature representation is introduced for robust control point matching. Second, an iterative refinement scheme is introduced in the AISIR system for improved control point pair localization. Finally, the AISIR system introduces a robust mapping function estimation scheme based on the proposed modified Geman-McClure M-estimation scheme. The AISIR system was tested using various multi-spectral optical, LIDAR, and SAR images and was shown to achieve better registration accuracy than state-of-the-art M-SSD and ARRSI registration algorithms for all of the test sets.

}, keywords = {Remote Sensing}, issn = {0167-8655}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.05.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167865509001305}, author = {A Wong and D A. Clausi} } @article {271, title = {Fusing AMSR-E and QuikSCAT imagery for improved sea ice recognition}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, volume = {47}, year = {2010}, pages = {1980 - 1989}, abstract = {

The benefits of augmenting Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) image data with Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) image data for supervised sea ice classification in the Western Arctic region are investigated. Experiments compared the performance of a maximum likelihood classifier when used with the AMSR-E-only data set against using the combined data. The preferred number of bands to use for classification was examined, as well as whether principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the data. The reliability of training data over time was also investigated. Adding QuikSCAT often improves classifier accuracy in a statistically significant manner and never decreases it significantly when a sufficient number of bands are used. Combining these data sets is beneficial for sea ice mapping. Using all available bands is recommended, data fusion with PCA does not offer any benefit for these data, and training data from a specific date remains reliable within 30 days.

}, keywords = {Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System, AMSR-E-QuikSCAT imagery fusion, data dimensionality reduction, geophysics computing, image classification, image fusion, maximum likelihood classifier, oceanographic regions, PCA, principal component analysis, Quick Scatterometer, Remote Sensing, sea ice, sea ice mapping, sea ice recognition, supervised sea ice classification, training data reliability, Western Arctic region}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013632}, author = {P Yu and D A. Clausi and S Howell} } @inproceedings {327, title = {Automatic registration of inter-band and inter-sensor images using robust complex wavelet feature representations}, booktitle = {5th Workshop on Pattern Recognition for Remote Sensing}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, address = {Tampa, Florida, USA}, abstract = {

A robust method for registering inter-band and inter-sensor remote sensing images has been designed and implemented. The proposed method introduces noise-resilient and contrast invariant control point detection and control point matching schemes based on robust complex wavelet feature representations. Furthermore, an iterative refinement scheme is introduced for achieving improved control point pair localization and mapping function estimation between the images being registered. The registration accuracy of the proposed method was demonstrated on the registration of multi-spectral optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The proposed method achieves better registration accuracy when compared with the state-of-the-art MSSD and ARRSI registration algorithms.

}, keywords = {ARRSI, automatic registration, contrast invariant control point detection, control point matching schemes, control point pair localization, estimation theory, Feature Extraction, image matching, image registration, image representation, images registration, inter-band images, inter-sensor images, iterative methods, iterative refinement scheme, mapping function estimation, MSSD, multispectral optical images, registration algorithms, Remote Sensing, remote sensing images, robust complex wavelet feature representations, synthetic aperture radar, synthetic aperture radar images, wavelet transforms}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PRRS.2008.4783164}, author = {A Wong and D A. Clausi and P Fieguth} } @article {355, title = {ARRSI: Automatic registration of remote-sensing images}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, volume = {45}, year = {2007}, pages = {1483 - 1493}, abstract = {

This paper presents the Automatic Registration of Remote-Sensing Images (ARRSI); an automatic registration system built to register satellite and aerial remotely sensed images. The system is designed specifically to address the problems associated with the registration of remotely sensed images obtained at different times and/or from different sensors. The ARRSI system is capable of handling remotely sensed images geometrically distorted by various transformations such as translation, rotation, and shear. Global and local contrast issues associated with remotely sensed images are addressed in ARRSI using control-point detection and matching processes based on a phase-congruency model. Intensity-difference issues associated with multimodal registration of remotely sensed images are addressed in ARRSI through the use of features that are invariant to intensity mappings during the control-point matching process. An adaptive control-point matching scheme is employed in ARRSI to reduce the performance issues associated with the registration of large remotely sensed images. Finally, a variation on the Random Sample and Consensus algorithm called Maximum Distance Sample Consensus is introduced in ARRSI to improve the accuracy of the transformation model between two remotely sensed images while minimizing computational overhead. The ARRSI system has been tested using various satellite and aerial remotely sensed images and evaluated based on its accuracy and computational performance. The results indicate that the registration accuracy of ARRSI is comparable to that produced by a human expert and improvement over the baseline and multimodal sum of squared differences registration techniques tested

}, keywords = {ARRSI, Automatic Registration of Remote-Sensing Images, contrast issue, control point detection, image registration, intensity-difference issue, matching process, maximum distance sample consensus, Multimodal registration, performance evaluation, random sample and consensus algorithm, Remote Sensing, squared differences registration techniques}, issn = {0196-2892}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2007.892601}, author = {A Wong and D A. Clausi} } @article {389, title = {Preserving boundaries for image texture segmentation using grey level co-occurring probabilities}, journal = {Pattern Recognition}, volume = {39}, year = {2006}, pages = {234 - 235}, abstract = {

Texture analysis has been used extensively in the computer-assisted interpretation of digital imagery. A popular texture feature extraction approach is the grey level co-occurrence probability (GLCP) method. Most investigations consider the use of the GLCP texture features for classification purposes only, and do not address segmentation performance. Specifically, for segmentation, the pixels in an image located near texture boundaries have a tendency to be misclassified. Boundary preservation when using the GLCP texture features for image segmentation is important. An advancement which exploits spatial relationships has been implemented. The generated features are referred to as weighted GLCP (WGLCP) texture features. In addition, an investigation for selecting suitable GLCP parameters for improved boundary preservation is presented. From the tests, WGLCP features provide improved boundary preservation and segmentation accuracy at a computational cost. As well, the GLCP correlation statistical parameter should not be used when segmenting images with high contrast texture boundaries.

}, keywords = {Co-occurence probabilities, Co-occurrence matrix, Computer Vision, Digital imaging, Remote Sensing, sea ice, Segmentation, synthetic aperture radar, texture}, issn = {0031-3203}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2005.07.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031320305002992}, author = {R Jobanputra and D A. Clausi} } @inproceedings {643, title = {Comparing classification metrics for labeling segmented remote sensing images}, booktitle = {2nd Annual Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision}, year = {2005}, month = {05/2005}, address = {Victoria, B.C., Canada}, abstract = {

Image segmentation and labelling are the two conceptual operations in image classification. As the remote sensing community uses more powerful segmentation procedures with spatial constraint, new possibilities can be explored for labelling. Instead of assigning a label to a single observation (pixel), whole segments of image are labelled at once implying the use of multivariate samples rather than pixel vectors. This approach to image classification also offers new possibilities for using a priori information about the classes such as existing maps or object signature libraries. The present paper addresses the two issues. First a labelling scheme is presented that gathers evidence about the classes from incomplete a priori information using a \"cognitive reasoning\" approach. Then, five different metrics are compared for the label assignment and are combined through a voting scheme. The results show that very different results can be obtained depending on the metric chosen. The metric combination through voting, being a suboptimal approach does not necessarily provide the best results but could be a safe alternative to choosing only one metric.

}, keywords = {a priori information, classification metrics, cognitive reasoning, image classification, image labelling, image segmentation, label assignment, multivariate samples, Remote Sensing, segmented remote sensing images, voting scheme}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CRV.2005.28}, author = {P Maillard and D A. Clausi} } @article {418, title = {Statistical processing of large image sequences}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, volume = {14}, year = {2005}, pages = {80 - 93}, abstract = {

The dynamic estimation of large-scale stochastic image sequences, as frequently encountered in remote sensing, is important in a variety of scientific applications. However, the size of such images makes conventional dynamic estimation methods, for example, the Kalman and related filters, impractical. We present an approach that emulates the Kalman filter, but with considerably reduced computational and storage requirements. Our approach is illustrated in the context of a 512 times; 512 image sequence of ocean surface temperature. The static estimation step, the primary contribution here, uses a mixture of stationary models to accurately mimic the effect of a nonstationary prior, simplifying both computational complexity and modeling. Our approach provides an efficient, stable, positive-definite model which is consistent with the given correlation structure. Thus, the methods of this paper may find application in modeling and single-frame estimation.

}, keywords = {Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Automated, Biological, Cluster Analysis, computational complexity, Computer Graphics, Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted, correlation methods, correlation structure, dynamic estimation method, image enhancement, image interpretation, image sequences, Imaging, Information Storage and Retrieval, Kalman filter, Kalman filters, large-scale stochastic image sequence estimation, Models, Movement, Numerical Analysis, ocean surface temperature, Pattern Recognition, Remote Sensing, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, single-frame estimation, static estimation step, Statistical, statistical analysis, statistical image processing, stochastic processes, Subtraction Technique, Three-Dimensional, Video Recording}, issn = {1057-7149}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2004.838703}, author = {F M. Khellah and P Fieguth and M J. Murray and M R. Allen} } @article {438, title = {Comparing cooccurrence probabilities and Markov random fields for texture analysis of SAR sea ice imagery}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, volume = {42}, year = {2004}, pages = {215 - 228}, abstract = {

This paper compares the discrimination ability of two texture analysis methods: Markov random fields (MRFs) and gray-level cooccurrence probabilities (GLCPs). There exists limited published research comparing different texture methods, especially with regard to segmenting remotely sensed imagery. The role of window size in texture feature consistency and separability as well as the role in handling of multiple textures within a window are investigated. Necessary testing is performed on samples of synthetic (MRF generated), Brodatz, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sea ice imagery. GLCPs are demonstrated to have improved discrimination ability relative to MRFs with decreasing window size, which is important when performing image segmentation. On the other hand, GLCPs are more sensitive to texture boundary confusion than MRFs given their respective segmentation procedures.

}, keywords = {Brodatz, discrimination ability, Feature Extraction, GLCP, gray-level cooccurrence probabilities, image segmentation, image texture, Markov processes, Markov Random Fields, MRF, Remote Sensing, remote sensing by radar, SAR sea ice imagery, sea ice, synthetic aperture radar, texture analysis, texture boundary, texture feature consistency, texture feature separability, texture methods, window size}, issn = {0196-2892}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.817218}, author = {D A. Clausi and B Yue} } @inproceedings {694, title = {Advanced Gaussian MRF rotation-invariant texture features for classification of remote sensing imagery}, booktitle = {2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, year = {2003}, address = {Madison, WI, USA}, abstract = {

The features based on Markov random field (MRF) models are usually sensitive to the rotation of image textures. The paper develops an anisotropic circular Gaussian MRF (ACGMRF) model for modeling rotated image textures and retrieving rotation-invariant texture features. To overcome the singularity problem of the least squares estimate (LSE) method, an approximate least squares estimate (ALSE) method is proposed to estimate the parameters of ACGMRF model. The rotation-invariant features can be obtained from the parameters of the ACGMRF model by the one-dimensional (1D) discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Significantly improved accuracy can be achieved by applying the rotation-invariant features to classify SAR (synthetic aperture radar) sea ice and Brodatz imagery.

}, keywords = {ACGMRF model, ALSE method, anisotropic circular Gaussian MRF, approximate least squares estimate, Brodatz imagery, discrete Fourier transform, discrete Fourier transforms, Feature Extraction, Gaussian distribution, image classification, image texture rotation, least squares approximation, least squares approximations, Markov processes, Markov random field, one-dimensional DFT, Remote Sensing, remote sensing image classification, rotated image texture modeling, rotation-invariant feature, rotation-invariant texture feature, SAR classification, sea ice, singularity problem, synthetic aperture radar}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2003.1211533}, author = {H Deng and D A. Clausi} } @inproceedings {592, title = {An advanced computational method to determine co-occurrence probability texture features}, booktitle = {IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

A critical shortcoming of determining co-occurrence probability texture features using Haralick\&$\#$39;s popular grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is the excessive computational burden. Here, a more robust algorithm (the grey level cooccurrence integrated algorithm or GLCIA) to perform this task is presented. The GLCIA is created by integrating the preferred aspects of two algorithms: the grey level cooccurrence hybrid structure (GLCHS) and the grey level cooccurrence hybrid histogram (GLCHH). The GLCHS utilizes a dedicated 2-d data structure to quickly generate the probabilities and apply statistics to generate the features. The GLCHH uses a more efficient 1-d data structure to perform the same tasks. Since the GLCHH is faster than the GLCHS yet the GLCHH is not able to calculate features using all available statistics, the integration of these two methods generates a superior algorithm (the GLCIA). The computational gains vary as a function of window size, quantization level, and statistics selected. The GLCIA computational time relative to that of the standard GLCM method ranges from 0.04\% to 16\%. The GLCIA is a highly recommended technique for anyone wishing to calculate co-occurrence probability texture features, especially from large-scale digital imagery.

}, keywords = {algorithm, co-occurrence probability, co-occurrence probability texture features, Feature Extraction, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, GLCHH, GLCHS, GLCIA, grey level co occurrence hybrid histogram, grey level co occurrence hybrid structure, grey level co occurrence integrated algorithm, image texture, land surface, Remote Sensing, terrain mapping, texture feature}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1026575}, author = {D A. Clausi and Y Zhao} } @inproceedings {449, title = {An advanced computational method to determine co-occurrence probability texture features}, booktitle = {IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

A critical shortcoming of determining co-occurrence probability texture features using Haralick\&$\#$39;s popular grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is the excessive computational burden. Here, a more robust algorithm (the grey level cooccurrence integrated algorithm or GLCIA) to perform this task is presented. The GLCIA is created by integrating the preferred aspects of two algorithms: the grey level cooccurrence hybrid structure (GLCHS) and the grey level cooccurrence hybrid histogram (GLCHH). The GLCHS utilizes a dedicated 2-d data structure to quickly generate the probabilities and apply statistics to generate the features. The GLCHH uses a more efficient 1-d data structure to perform the same tasks. Since the GLCHH is faster than the GLCHS yet the GLCHH is not able to calculate features using all available statistics, the integration of these two methods generates a superior algorithm (the GLCIA). The computational gains vary as a function of window size, quantization level, and statistics selected. The GLCIA computational time relative to that of the standard GLCM method ranges from 0.04\% to 16\%. The GLCIA is a highly recommended technique for anyone wishing to calculate co-occurrence probability texture features, especially from large-scale digital imagery.

}, keywords = {algorithm, co-occurrence probability, co-occurrence probability texture features, Feature Extraction, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, GLCHH, GLCHS, GLCIA, grey level co occurrence hybrid histogram, grey level co occurrence hybrid structure, grey level co occurrence integrated algorithm, image texture, land surface, Remote Sensing, terrain mapping, texture feature}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1026575}, author = {D A. Clausi and Y Zhao} } @inproceedings {593, title = {Automatic registration of SAR and visible band remote sensing images}, booktitle = {Joint IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium and 24th Canadian Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

Image registration is one of the basic image processing operations in remote sensing. With an increasing number of images collected every day from different sensors, automated registration of multi-sensor/multi-spectral images has become an important issue. A wide range of registration techniques exists for different types of applications and data sources, however no algorithm is known that can accurately register multi-source images consistently. This research addresses this problem by investigating the development of a fully automatic registration system for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical remote sensing images. The development of this new automatic image registration method is based on the extraction and matching of common features that are visible in both images. The algorithm involves the following five steps: noise removal, edge extraction, edge linking pattern extraction and pattern matching. The application of the developed automatic image registration model to SAR and optical image pairs showed that accurate ground control points (GCPs) could be identified automatically.

}, keywords = {algorithm, edge extraction, edge linking pattern extraction, fully automatic registration, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, image registration, land surface, multi-source image, noise removal, optical imaging, pattern matching, radar imaging, radar remote sensing, Remote Sensing, remote sensing by radar, remote sensing image, SAR, sensor fusion, synthetic aperture radar, terrain mapping, visible band}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1026106}, author = {M Ali and D A. Clausi} } @inproceedings {595, title = {Efficient interpolation of large image sequences}, booktitle = {IEEE International Geoscience And Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {2002}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {

Dynamic estimation of large-scale remote-sensing image sequences is important in a variety of scientific applications. However, the growing size of such sensed images makes conventional dynamic estimation methods, for example the Kalman and related filters, impractical. In this paper we present an approach that emulates the Kalman filter, but with considerably reduced computational and storage requirements. Our approach is illustrated in the context of a large (512 times;512) image sequence of ocean surface temperature.

}, keywords = {dynamic estimation, geophysical signal processing, image sequences, interpolation, Kalman filter, Kalman filters, large image sequences, large-scale remote-sensing image sequences, ocean surface temperature, oceanographic techniques, Remote Sensing}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1027173}, author = {F M. Khellah and P Fieguth} } @inproceedings {528, title = {Design and establishment of multi-scale spatial information system based on regional planning and decision making}, booktitle = {IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

Fast development of Geomatics and network integrated technology demonstrates that spatial information are widely used in regional planning and decision making. Existing non-standardized multi-sources and multi-scales data have a shortage of spatial information sharing in both internal and external application departments or units, especially in the network era. A pilot regional planning and decision making spatial information system based on a standardized and network sharing technology is presented in this paper. The research area is composed of eight counties in Jinghong Region and Simao Region of Yunnan Province in China. Spatial information resources such as remote sensing, digital maps, and paper maps are collected from different departments. Statistics data such as agriculture, forest, earthquake hazard, ore, hydrogeology, ecology, transportation, population, tourism, and trade, etc. are the composition of the application system. The system will be mainly used by regional planners and managers in the province and the regions via Internet. The applications of general users are also considered. Geographic Metadata standardization for spatial information is used as an Internet engine between users and datasets. Arc/INFO and ArcView GIS are the basic software for information integration. WebGIS is used for spatial information sharing design and GeoMedia is accepted as a basic web software platform. Other software for multi-dimensional information display and management are designed and applied for virtual reality planning and application in the project

}, keywords = {agriculture, China, decision making, decision support systems, forest, geographic information system, geographic information systems, geomatics, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, geophysics computing, GIS, Jinghong, land surface, land use, metadata, multi-dimensional information display, multiscale spatial information system, population, regional planning, Remote Sensing, sharing technology, Simao, tourism, town and country planning, vegetation, WebGIS, Yunnan Province}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2001.977131}, author = {Y Zhao and D A. Clausi} } @inproceedings {535, title = {Motion estimation of sparse, remotely-sensed fields}, booktitle = {14th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering}, year = {2001}, address = {Toronto}, abstract = {

Sea surface temperature (SST) can be estimated from remotely-sensed images. Because of the sparsity of the available observation it is ideal to do estimation using dynamic methods (such as Kalman filtering). To model dynamics of SST accurately we need to know the motion of sea current. The traditional video motion estimation problem is straightforward, in some ways, because there are so few constraints. That is, the motion vectors are pretty much arbitrary, and successive image frames are densely pixellated, have the same number of pixels, with similar noise statistics. However there are many motion estimation problems, particularly in the area of remote sensing, which do not share these properties. In this paper we investigate the problem of determining the motion field of the sea surface, based on infrared measurements of surface temperature. This problem is challenging in that only a subset of the whole domain is measured at each point in time; specifically, only a few stripes are imaged. In addition, because of clouds, the measured subset varies from time to time. The quality (level of noise) can also vary from pixel to pixel. Our research is based on the following assumptions and observations: the motion field should be smooth and ideally divergence-free, i.e. the motion field is close to time-stationary. Based on these assumptions we choose to use optical flow method for this motion problem. We handle difficulty of data sparcity by pre-estimation to get a dense field. Pre-estimation can be refined by integrating this motion estimation result

}, keywords = {data sparcity, dense field, dynamic methods, geophysical signal processing, image sequences, infrared imaging, infrared measurements, Kalman filtering, motion estimation, motion field, oceanographic techniques, optical flow method, Remote Sensing, remotely-sensed images, sea current, sea surface temperature, sparse remotely-sensed fields, SST}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.2001.933601}, author = {F Jin and F M Khellah and P Fieguth and L Winger} } @article {524, title = {Multiply-rooted multiscale models for large-scale estimation}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, volume = {10}, year = {2001}, pages = {1676 - 1686}, abstract = {

Divide-and-conquer or multiscale techniques have become popular for solving large statistical estimation problems. The methods rely on defining a state which conditionally decorrelates the large problem into multiple subproblems, each more straightforward than the original. However this step cannot be carried out for asymptotically large problems since the dimension of the state grows without bound, leading to problems of computational complexity and numerical stability. In this paper, we propose a new approach to hierarchical estimation in which the conditional decorrelation of arbitrarily large regions is avoided, and the problem is instead addressed piece-by-piece. The approach possesses promising attributes: it is not a local method-the estimate at every point is based on all measurements; it is numerically stable for problems of arbitrary size; and the approach retains the benefits of the multiscale framework on which it is based: a broad class of statistical models, a stochastic realization theory, an algorithm to calculate statistical likelihoods, and the ability to fuse local and nonlocal measurements

}, keywords = {asymptotically large problems, computational complexity, conditional decorrelation, estimation theory, geophysical signal processing, hierarchical estimation, image processing, large statistical estimation problems, large-scale estimation, local measurements fusion, multiply-rooted multiscale models, multiscale framework, nonlocal measurements fusion, numerical stability, oceanographic techniques, Remote Sensing, statistical analysis, statistical likelihoods, statistical models, stochastic realization theory}, issn = {1057-7149}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.967396}, author = {P Fieguth} } @inproceedings {566, title = {Rapid determination of co-occurrence texture features}, booktitle = {IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

Typically, the co-occurrence features for image processing are calculated-by using a grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). This method is computationally intensive since the matrix is usually sparse leading to many unnecessary calculations involving zero probabilities. An improvement on the GLCM method is to utilize a grey level co-occurrence linked list (GLCLL) to store only the non-zero co-occurring probabilities. The GLCLL suffers since, to achieve preferred computational speeds, the list should be sorted. This paper presents a grey level co-occurrence hybrid structure (GLCHS) based on an integrated hash table and linked list approach. Texture features obtained using this technique are identical to those obtained using the GLCM and GLCLL. Based on a Brodatz test image, the GLCHS method is demonstrated to be a superior technique when compared across various window sizes and grey level quantizations. The GLCHS method required, on average, 33.4\% of the computational time ( sigma;=3.08\%) required by the GLCLL. Significant computational gains are made using the GLCHS method

}, keywords = {Brodatz test image, co-occurrence features, co-occurrence texture feature, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, grey level co-occurrence hybrid structure, grey level co-occurrence linked list, grey level co-occurrence matrix, image processing, image texture, integrated hash table, land surface, linked list, Remote Sensing, terrain mapping}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2001.977103}, author = {D A. Clausi and Y Zhao} } @inproceedings {500, title = {Data fusion of sea-surface temperature data}, booktitle = {IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The problem of data fusion, the merging of data taken by different sensors, becomes ever more relevant with the launch of each new remote-sensing platform. One example of considerable current interest in the climate change community is the production of an improved sea surface temperature (SST) map. In particular, two state-of-the-art instruments - the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) and AVHRR - share complementary features: ATSR allows excellent cloud discrimination and atmospheric correction based on its dual-view scanning geometry, but observes only narrow swaths of ocean; AVHRR suffers from low-wavenumber atmospheric distortions and cloud contamination, but has extensive global coverage. The authors propose a methodology for combining ocean skin temperatures from the ATSR and AVHRR instruments to produce a continuous analysis at one-sixth degree spatial and three-day temporal resolutions, together with reliable error estimates, from the fusion of multiple datasets with arbitrary sampling characteristics, resulting in estimated temperatures which unite the precision of ATSR with the superior coverage afforded by AVHRR

}, keywords = {ATSR, AVHRR, coverage, Data fusion, geophysical signal processing, he Along Track Scanning Radiometer, infrared radiometry, IR radiometry, measurement technique, multiple dataset, multispectral remote sensing, ocean, ocean skin temperature, oceanographic techniques, precision, Remote Sensing, sea surface temperature, sensor fusion, SST, visible}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2000.858311}, author = {P Fieguth and F M. Khellah and M J. Murray and M R. Allen} } @article {471, title = {A fast method to determine co-occurrence texture features}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, volume = {36}, year = {1998}, pages = {298 - 300}, abstract = {

A critical shortcoming of determining texture features derived from grey-level co-occurrence matrices (GLCM\&$\#$39;s) is the excessive computational burden. This paper describes the implementation of a linked-list algorithm to determine co-occurrence texture features far more efficiently. Behavior of common co-occurrence texture features across difference grey-level quantizations is investigated

}, keywords = {co-occurrence texture feature, fast method, Feature Extraction, geophysical measurement technique, geophysical signal processing, geophysical techniques, grey-level co-occurrence matrices, grey-level quantization, image feature, image processing, image texture, land surface, linked-list algorithm, occurrence matrix, Remote Sensing, terrain mapping}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.655338}, author = {D A. Clausi and E Jernigan} } @inproceedings {474, title = {Hierarchical methods for global-scale estimation problems}, booktitle = {IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering}, year = {1998}, address = {Waterloo, Canada}, abstract = {

There is a substantial signal-processing challenge associated with large-scale (especially global-scale) remote-sensing problems: solving the statistical inverse problem (i.e. deducing the properties of the sensed field from measurements) by brute force, that is by covariance matrix inversion, is completely impractical for fields involving millions of pixels. This paper reports on the ongoing development of an alternative technique, in which the statistical problem is modeled on a multiscale tree, applied to estimating sea-surface temperature (SST) based on infrared radiance observations from the along-track scanning radiometers (ATSRs)

}, keywords = {along-track scanning radiometers, covariance matrix inversion, geophysical signal processing, global-scale estimation problems, hierarchical methods, image processing, infrared radiance observations, inverse problems, measurements, multiscale tree, oceanographic techniques, parameter estimation, radiometry, Remote Sensing, remote-sensing, sea-surface temperature, sensed field, signal-processing, statistical analysis, statistical inverse problem, statistical problem, tree data structures}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CCECE.1998.682707}, author = {P Fieguth and M R. Allen and M J. Murray} } @inproceedings {475, title = {Multipole-motivated reduced-state estimation}, booktitle = {International Conference on Image Processing}, year = {1998}, address = {Chicago}, abstract = {

This paper discusses efficient solutions to large-scale two-dimensional estimation problems, using reduced state methods motivated by the multipole method of mathematical physics. The work is mainly exploratory, building on past efforts in multiscale statistical signal modeling and estimation. We will illustrate applications to the estimation of Markov random field textures, with the motivation and goal the estimation of remotely-sensed fields

}, keywords = {image texture, large-scale 2D estimation problems, Markov processes, Markov random field textures, mathematical physics, multipole method, multipole-motivated reduced-state estimation, multiscale statistical signal estimation, multiscale statistical signal modeling, parameter estimation, reduced state methods, Remote Sensing, remotely-sensed fields, state estimation, statistical analysis}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.1998.723580}, author = {P Fieguth} } @inproceedings {490, title = {A general multiresolution approach to the estimation of dense fields in remote sensing}, booktitle = {International Conference on Image Processing}, year = {1996}, address = {Lausanne, Switzerland}, abstract = {

A fast multiscale optimal interpolation algorithm has been adapted to the mapping of hydrographic and other oceanographic data. This multiscale algorithm produces solution and error estimates which are consistent with those obtained from exact least-squares methods, but at a small fraction of the computational cost. Problems whose solution would be completely impractical using exact least-squares, that is problems with tens or hundreds of thousands of measurements and estimation grid points, can easily be solved on a small workstation using the multiscale algorithm. Contrary to methods previously proposed for solving large least-squares problems, the multiscale approach provides error statistics while permitting long-range correlations, using all measurements, and permitting arbitrary measurement locations

}, keywords = {arbitrary measurement locations, computational cost, correlation methods, dense fields estimation, error estimates, error statistics, exact least-squares methods, fast multiscale optimal interpolation algorithm, general multiresolution approach, geophysical signal processing, hydrographic data mapping, hydrological techniques, image resolution, interpolation, least squares approximations, long-range correlations, measurements, multiscale algorithm, oceanographic data mapping, oceanographic techniques, Remote Sensing, workstation}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.1996.560937}, author = {P Fieguth and A S. Willsky and D Menemenlis and C Wunsch} } @inproceedings {461, title = {Multiresolution stochastic processing of Topex/Poseidon oceanographic altimetry}, booktitle = {IEEE OCEANS{\textquoteright}94}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

Remarkable advances in remote sensing are producing measurements on increasingly finer grids, offering the possibility of a far better understanding and characterization of the ocean surface. The sheer quantity of measurements has rendered traditional data smoothing/assimilation algorithms obsolete however, even on high performance workstations; the basis of this paper is the application of an extremely fast multiresolution smoothing framework to ocean altimetry data. Using the previously developed multiresolution framework, a simple multiscale model is developed which captures the characteristic power-law spectrum of the ocean surface. Smoothing altimetric data and computing error variances on a grid of 512 by 512 points is accomplished in about 10 seconds on a SUN Sparc-10. Finally, further applications of this framework within the oceanographic context are discussed, including model identification and anomaly detection

}, keywords = {algorithm, data assimilation, data smoothing, geophysical signal processing, geophysics computing, measurement technique, multiresolution stochastic processing, multiscale model, ocean dynamics, ocean surface, oceanographic techniques, Poseidon, radar altimetry, radar applications, radar imaging, radar signal processing, Remote Sensing, remote sensing by radar, satellite remote sensing, sea surface, signal processsing, Topex}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.363913}, author = {P Fieguth and W C. Karl and A S. Willsky} } @inproceedings {462, title = {Passive microwave imagery of a tropical storm near 118 GHz thermal and precipitation structure}, booktitle = {IGARSS {\textquoteright}94}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

An imaging microwave radiometer with eight double-sideband channels centered on the 118.75-GHz (1-)oxygen resonance was flown on a NASA ER-2 high altitude aircraft over a tropical cyclone in the Coral Sea, east of Australia. An eyewall of strong convection and a warm core within the eye are clearly visible. Brightness temperatures observed within the eye are approximately 10K warmer than those observed in clear air 100 km away. This warming extends somewhat beyond the eyewall in the highest (most opaque) channel. Two passes three hours apart may reveal a slight weakening of the convective activity. This flight provides the first known calibrated high-resolution 18.75 GHz imagery of a tropical storm. Temperature profiles and cloud-top altitudes may be inferred from the data

}, keywords = {118 GHz, 118.75 GHz, AD 1993 02 07, airborne remote sensing, atmosphere, atmospheric techniques, atmospheric temperature, brightness temperature, Coral Sea, double-sideband channels, EHF mm wave millimetric radiometry, eyewall, measurement technique, meteorology, microwave image, millimetre wave measurement, passive microwave imagery, precipitation structure, radiometry, rain, Remote Sensing, storm, storms, strong convection, tropical cyclone, tropical storm, warm core}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1994.399760}, author = {M J. Schwartz and J W. Barrett and P Fieguth and P W. Rosenkranz and M S. Spina and D H. Staelin} }