@article {242,
	title = {Blood Glucose Level Monitoring Using an FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar Sensor},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	abstract = {<p>In this article, a novel sensing approach is presented for glucose level monitoring where a robust low-power millimeter(mm)-wave radar system is used to differentiate between blood samples of disparate glucose concentrations in the range 0.5 to 3.5 mg/ml. The proposed radar sensing mechanism shows greater capabilities for remote detection of blood glucose inside test tubes through detecting minute changes in their dielectric properties. In particular, the reflected mmwaves that represent unique signatures for the internal synthesis and composition of the tested blood samples, are collected from the multi-channels of the radar and analyzed using signal processing techniques to identify different glucose concentrations and correlate them to the reflected mm-wave readings. The mm-wave spectrum is chosen for glucose sensing in this study after a set of preliminary experiments that investigated the dielectric permittivity behavior of glucose-loaded solutions across different frequency bands. In this regard, a newly-developed commercial coaxial probe kit (DAK-TL) is used to characterize the electromagnetic properties of glucose-loaded samples in a broad range of frequencies from 300 MHz to 67 GHz using two different 50 Ω open-coaxial probes. This would help to determine the portion of the frequency spectrum that is more sensitive to slight variations in glucose concentrations as indicated by the amount of change in the dielectric constant and loss tangent parameters due to the different concentrations under test. The mm-wave frequency range 50 to 67 GHz has shown to be promising for acquiring both high sensitivity and sufficient penetration depth for the most interaction between the glucose molecules and electromagnetic waves. The processed results have indicated the reliability of using mm-wave radars in identifying changes in blood glucose levels while monitoring trends among those variations. Particularly, blood samples of higher glucose concentrations are correlated with reflected mm-wave signals of greater energy. The proposed system could likely be adapted in the future as a portable non-invasive continuous blood glucose level monitoring for daily use by diabetics.</p>
},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/385},
	author = {A.E. Omer and S. Safavi-Naeini and R. Hughson and G. Shaker}
}
