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What were the forests like on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia at various times during the past 10,000 years? How have fish populations changed in the past in Saanich Inlet, a fjord north of Victoria. How frequent were forest fires in the region and how were they related to climate? How many major earthquakes have there been in the greater Victoria area since the glaciers left? What can past changes in climate and oceanography tell us about what we can expect for the future on southern Vancouver Island?

J. Hall, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 7:85 (1815)

Peter Russell

The accompanying experimental folding experiment devised in 1815 may be duplicated in the school physics lab. Pop-up structures are found in many places and are caused by regional stress release which occurs naturally or during quarrying an excavation.

Figure 1 - Forces involved in pop-up formation

Earthquake Damage and Earthquake Insurance, pp.139-142, John R. Freeman, 1932

B.Sc., M.Sc., McMaster University
M.A., The John's Hopkins University
Ph.D. currently University of Ottawa

About 150 oxides are known, but very few are easily collected and even fewer are found as beautiful specimens. Oxides are formed in a variety of environments, many being formed in igneous or metamorphic rocks, some in ore veins and a great number are found in pegmatites. Others form near the surface under low pressure and temperature. The rust on your car is one example of this kind of deposit! Because of the strength of the bonds between oxygen and metals, oxides are resistant to further chemical attack and generally form strong, hard minerals.

The Monteregian Hills extend for 200 kilometres across the St. Lawrence Plain and a portion of the Appalachians. The hills are monadnocks of more resistant plutonic rocks which stand above the sedimentary rocks forming the flat plain of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands.

Publication QSI PFK 10

Elongate, smooth, rounded hills of bouldery soil are called drumlins. The name comes from hills of similar shape and origin found in Ireland. They are shaped like the bowl of a teaspoon turned upside down, with the highest part near one end. They usually occur in groups, called drumlin fields. Fields of drumlins occur at Guelph, Woodstock, Teeswater, and Peterborough, and may include hundreds or thousands of drumlins.

Publication QSI by Alan V. Morgan

While prospecting in eastern Labrador in 1993, two Newfoundlanders, Albert Chislett and Chris Verbiski of Archean Resources, a small St. John's based company, chipped samples from an iron stained rock outcrop. Within fifteen minutes of standing on the outcrop they realised that they had made a potentially significant mineral discovery. Results came quickly.