Training and education

We design and test innovative technology and model-based approaches for training and education.

Using virtual and augmented reality, simulators, and gamification, we create engaging, realistic, and effective training programs. Training materials and tasks are designed based on competency models that describe the required knowledge and skills. Training schedule and repetition are designed based on cognitive models that predict the progress of skill acquisition and retention. We collect scientific evidence of training effectiveness by conducting control group comparisons and comprehensively evaluating training outcomes, satisfaction, and skill retention. Our projects include virtual reality exercise games to promote physical activities among people living with dementia, augmented reality procedure assistance system for pilot trainees, and training manual improvements for process industry operating procedures.

Flight training

Related publications


VR game

Exercise game

  • Eisapour, M., Cao, S., & Boger, J. (2020). Participatory design and evaluation of virtual reality(VR) games to promote engagement in physical activity for people living with dementia. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, 7, 2055668320913770.
  • Li, Y., Muñoz, J., Mehrabi, S., Middleton, L., Cao, S., & Boger, J. (2020). Framework to design, develop, and evaluate virtual reality exergames for promoting physical activity in older adults. HCI International 2020, LNCS 12211, 128–147.
  • Muñoz, J., Cao, S., & Boger, J. (2019). Kinematically adaptive exergames: Personalizing exercise therapy through closed-loop systems. IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR).
AR flight assistance

Aviation training

  • Ayala, N., Zafar, A., Kearns, S., Irving, E., Cao, S., & Niechwiej-Szwedo, E. (2023). The effects of task difficulty on gaze behaviour during landing with visual flight rules in low-time pilots. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 16(1).
  • Hayden, E., Wang, K., Wu, C., & Cao, S.(2020). An augmented reality (AR) procedure assistance system for flight simulator training. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 64.