Work-integrated learning (WIL) is a model and process of curricular experiential education which formally and intentionally integrates a student’s academic studies within a workplace or practice setting. WIL experiences include an engaged partnership of at least: an academic institution, a host organization and a student. WIL can occur at the course or program level and includes the development of learning outcomes related to employability, personal agency and life-long learning (CEWIL, 2018).
The following chart illustrates structural differences between the various types of work-integrated learning (WIL). The information included in the chart builds on the work of McRae and Johnston (2016, PDF).
Competitive recruitment process |
Paid |
Full-time |
Academic credit |
Mandatory |
|
Applied research projects |
Yes/No | Yes/No | Yes/No | Yes | Yes/No |
Apprenticeship |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Co-operative education |
Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes/No |
Field placement |
No | No | No | Yes | Yes/No |
Entrepreneurship |
No | Self-funded | Yes | Yes | Yes/No |
Internship |
Yes | Yes/No | Yes | Yes | Yes/No |
Mandatory professional practicum/clinical placement |
No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Service learning |
No | No | No | Yes | Yes/No |
Work experience |
Yes | Yes/No | Yes | Yes | Yes/No |