Stop-loss and limited loss random variables are two important transforms of a loss random variable and appear in many modeling problems in insurance, finance, and other fields. Risk levels of a loss variable and its transforms are often measured by risk measures. When only partial information on a loss variable is available, risk measures of the loss variable and its transforms cannot be evaluated effectively. To deal with the situation of distribution uncertainty, the worst-case values of risk measures of a loss variable over an uncertainty set, describing all the possible distributions of the loss variable, have been extensively used in robust risk management for many fields. However, most of these existing results on the worst-case values of risk measures of a loss variable cannot be applied directly to the worst-case values of risk measures of its transforms. In this paper, we derive the expressions of the worst-case values of distortion risk measures of stop-loss and limited loss random variables over an uncertainty set introduced in Bernard et al. (2023). This set represents a decision maker’s belief in the distribution of a loss variable. We find the distributions under which the worst-case values are attainable. These results have potential applications in a variety of fields. To illustrate their applications, we discuss how to model optimal stop-loss reinsurance problems and how to determine optimal stop-loss retentions under distribution uncertainty. Explicit and closed-form expressions for the worst-case TVaRs of stop-loss and limited loss random variables and optimal stop-loss retentions are given under special forms of the uncertainty set. Numerical results are presented under more general forms of the uncertainty set.