Greenland is the world’s largest “non-continental” island, and about 80 per cent of this island is covered by the Greenland Ice Sheet. In recent years, however, the melting of this ice sheet has accelerated, leading to an increased contribution to rising sea levels.
A portion of this increased melting can be attributed to the presence of dark algae on the ice sheet surface. Contrary to white, reflective ice, the dark pigmentation of these algae absorbs sunlight and warms the surrounding ice, causing melting. Climate change is causing Arctic summers to become warmer and longer than in the past. These longer summers allow for increased ice algal growth, and the resulting algal blooms are causing increased darkening and melting.
As a geomicrobiologist, Jenine McCutcheon, Water Institute member and professor in Waterloo's Earth and Environmental Sciences department, has been studying Greenland’s glacier algae in an effort to uncover their changing annual patterns. This research, done during her postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Leeds, was published today in Nature Communications.
Professor Jenine McCutcheon sampling snow and ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Photo: Andrew Tedstone, PhD
“What we’re trying to do is to better understand how algal blooms form, why they form where they do and is there a way to predict how they’ll form in future melt seasons,” says McCutcheon. “One season to the next, algal blooms may change and vary in intensity, making them difficult to model year-to-year.”
Understanding algal bloom development is important because these blooms darken the ice sheet surface, causing it to melt more quickly than ice that is free of glacier algae. Ice sheet darkening by glacier algae is just one reason why surface melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has accelerated in recent decades. Since the Greenland Ice Sheet contains enough water to raise sea level by over seven meters, it is crucial to understand all of the processes that impact melting in order to predict how melting will proceed in the years to come.
Behind the Research
The study focused on five different locations along a large band on the Western edge of the Greenland Ice Sheet known as the “Dark Zone” due to its low albedo (a measure of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface). The ice surface in this zone is made dark by impurities such as algal cells, mineral dust, and black carbon (particles produced by fossil fuel combustion). Algal blooms are the primary cause of the darkening observed in this region.
Aerial photo of the Greenland Ice Sheet’s Dark Zone. Photo: Professor Jenine McCutcheon
In order to determine where glacier algae get their nutrients, the team measured the photosynthesis rate of glacier algae in the presence of the different nutrients. They found that there was a distinct improvement when the algae were provided with phosphorus. The team concluded that the algal blooms in this region were regulated and limited by the presence of phosphorus.
Upon finding this, they analyzed the surface dust present in the Dark Zone around the algal blooms, and found the mineral hydroxylapatite. Hydroxylapatite contains the bio-available phosphorus needed to nourish the algae, and likely facilitates the development of glacier algal blooms by supplying phosphorus to the ice surface habitat.
The reliance of algae on this mineral dust then creates a positive feedback loop, wherein the more algae that bloom, the greater the ice sheet melting. As more ice melts, mineral dust frozen in the ice becomes exposed, thus providing more nutrients to help the glacier algae grow. However, more studies are needed to quantify this feedback loop and measure its extent.
“The findings of this study will impact how we predict where the blooms will happen in the future,” McCutcheon says. “We’re working to be able to model these algal blooms and match them with satellite data to get a better understanding of the overall impact of these algal blooms on ice sheet albedo reduction and resulting melting.”
This research was done through an international collaboration by researchers from the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Canada, and Denmark, and was funded by the UK Natural Environmental Research Council Consortium Grant.