Graduate funding and awards database: Engineering
One scholarship valued at $5,000 will be awarded in the Faculty of Engineering to graduate students in the Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering or Management Sciences.
ACM established the ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award program to recognize and encourage superior research and writing by doctoral candidates in computer science and engineering.
A scholarship, valued at $1,500, will be awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in the master’s program in the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering.
The scholarship, valued at up to $20,000 will be awarded annually to a full-time University of Waterloo graduate student registered in the Faculty of Engineering.
An entrance scholarship, valued at up to $5000, will be awarded annually to an international graduate student registered full-time in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering.
There are several awards created by various donors to provide funds to assist Architecture students at the University of Waterloo. Some examples of these include:
- M1 Studio Design Award
- Marj Schaefer Prize
- Ron Sims Purchase Prize
The Arthur F. Church Graduate Scholarships will be awarded annually to three full-time University of Waterloo graduate students enrolled in Mechanical Engineering who hold an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST). The recipients are chosen by the Associate Dean, Graduate Studies, Faculty of Engineering.
A scholarship valued at $1,000, is awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in the Master’s program in the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering on the basis of academic excellence as well as study and interest in the area of international architecture.
An award valued at $1500, will be provided annually to a graduate student who had previously been living in India.
A scholarship, valued at $10,000, will be awarded annually to a student who will be entering and be registered full time in a master’s or doctoral program in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering. Selection will be based on academic excellence, combined with demonstrated proof of research excellence.
The Buitrago Contingency Bursary in Engineering is available to international students registered full time in a master's or doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering.
Scholarships, valued at $50,000 will be provided to graduate students who will be registered full time in a course-based or research-based master’s program in the Faculty of Engineering.
A scholarship, valued at $1,500, will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full time in a master's program in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering who persevered to return to school after a period of time away (e.g. five years) from academics.
This fellowship will be awarded to a student undertaking doctoral research in one of the University of Waterloo Engineering Departments.
An award, valued at approximately $1,500 will be provided annually to a graduate student registered full time in a course-based Master's degree program in the Department of Management Sciences in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
This award was established by Dr. and Mrs. Park M. Reilly to recognize skill in research as measured by analysis of an engineering problem, planning an efficient solution of the problem and achieving the solution with superior insight into the science and/or engineering involved. All doctoral graduates in the Department of Chemical Engineering are eligible.
Several scholarships valued between $5,000 and $20,000 may be provided annually to graduate students registered full time in the Master of Business and Entrepreneurships and Technology (MBET) program in the Conrad Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology Centre in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
One scholarship, valued at $15,000, will be provided annually to a female graduate student registered full time in the Master’s or Doctoral program in the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; preference will be given to doctoral candidates.
The D.G. (Greg) Mumford Scholarship will be awarded annually to a full-time University of Waterloo graduate student in the Faculty of Engineering who holds an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST).
The Dean of Engineering Master’s Excellence Award, valued at up to $10,000, is available to domestic students who will be registered full time in a master’s (MASc) program in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
An award valued at $4000 will be provided annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in the master's or doctoral program in the Department of Systems Design in the Faculty of Engineering who is working on skin cancer research in the Vision and Image processing lab which is a research group within the Department.
The awards, valued at a minimum of $1,000 will be provided annually to a full-time doctoral student.
Professor Clough, whose achievements this award commemorates, greatly influenced engineering education and was the founding Chair of the Department of Management Sciences at the University of Waterloo.
An award, valued at $1,000, will be awarded annually to full-time graduate students enrolled in the Master's program in the School of Architecture.
A scholarship valued at $4,000, will be awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in their first year of a doctoral program in the Department of Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
This award was established in memory of the late M. Chandrashekar, a Professor in the Department of Systems Design Engineering for more than twenty-five years.
The late T.E. Unny contributed significantly to the development of stochastic and statistical methods in hydrology and environmental engineering during his long and distinguished career.
Founded by Ted Cross - a pioneer in the development of technology transfer activities at the University of Waterloo - one scholarship will be presented to an outstanding student entering the Master of Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology (MBET) program. Selection will be made by the MBET Admissions Committee, based on previous academic accomplishments, financial need and the ability to demonstrate, during an interview process, the entre(intra)-preneurial attributes required to successfully complete the program.
The El Gabbani Scholarship is awarded yearly to a deserving international student entering the Master of Applied Science Program in the Department of Management Sciences.
The Electrical & Computer Engineering Master of Engineering Award of Excellence (EMAE), valued at $1,000 per award, will be awarded to students registered full time or part time in the Master of Engineering program who are within time limits of their program.
The Engineering COVID-19 Graduate Bursary will provide financial support of up to $900 to incoming graduate students who must quarantine in a government-approved facility upon arrival into Canada.
Engineering Dean's Entrance Awards, valued at $5,000, are available to students applying for admission to a master's (MASc) or doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
Engineering Excellence Fellowships, valued at $30,000 per year for up to four years for doctoral students and $25,000 per year for up to two years for students registered in a MASc program, in the Faculty of Engineering are available annually.
Annual awards valued at $8,500 will be given to eligible domestic students entering a doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering in Winter 2015 or later.
The scholarship, valued at $5000 will be awarded annually to a doctoral student registered full time in the Department of Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
The Fraser Award for Graduate Student Research is awarded yearly to the winner of the Management Sciences student research paper competition.
A scholarship, valued at $5000 will be awarded annually to a full-time UW master's/doctoral student registered in the Chemical Engineering program in the Faculty of Engineering. The scholarship will be awarded to a graduate student on the basis of scholastic excellence (minimum 80%).
Two scholarships valued at $5,000 will be awarded to students registered full-time in the first term of the MBET program in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
This award is intended to provide financial support for full-time graduate students who acquire experience as a Teaching Assistant during the course of their graduate degree program in one of the specified departments/faculties.
A scholarship, valued at $2,500, will be awarded annually to a Master's student registered in the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering who is in the Graduate Diploma in Green Energy program in the Faculty of Engineering and has completed the first two terms in the program. Applicants must demonstrate an interest in the area of green energy and environmental sustainability, through completion of a mandatory course as minimum evidence of interest in the Green Energy program.
This scholarship has been established to encourage excellence, attract outstanding students, and enhance the profile of the University of Waterloo's Master of Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology (MBET) program.
An award, valued up to $6,000 will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full time in a Master’s or Doctoral program.
A scholarship valued at $10,000 is provided annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in a Masters or Doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering on the basis of academic excellence (minimum 80%).
A scholarship valued at $10,000 is provided annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in a Master's or Doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering on the basis of academic excellence (minimum 80%).
Awards valued at $1,200 will be awarded annually to full-time graduate students enrolled in the Master of Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology (MBET) program in the Faculty of Engineering on the basis of demonstrated energy, inclusivity, and interest in supporting fellow students with their academic and business endeavours, while also exhibiting an entrepreneurial passion in pursuit of their own projects.
An award valued at $4500 will be awarded annually to a female graduate student registered full time in a master's or doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering.
Indigenous and Black Engineering and Technology Momentum Fellowships, valued at $30,000 per year, are available annually for doctoral students registered full time in the Faculty of Engineering.
The awards are given to University of Waterloo graduate students working on quantum information at the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC), based on exceptional achievement in research.
This award was created to celebrate David Johnston’s pivotal contributions to Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at University of Waterloo, his passion for leadership and his enthusiasm for continuous learning, innovation and achievement. David Johnston was President at the University of Waterloo from 1999 to 2010.
These awards are supported by a variety of sources including the Bell Family Fund and Industry Canada.
A scholarship, valued at up to $1,700, will be awarded annually to a full-time international graduate student enrolled in the doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering.
This scholarship has been established by Dr. Norman W. McLeod, FRSC, in honour of his wife, Irene Marguerite McLeod.
Open to any graduate of the University of Waterloo Faculty of Engineering or Conestoga College undergraduate program.
An award valued at $4000, is provided annually to a graduate student enrolled in the Master's of Engineering (MEng) degree, Master of Applied Science (MASc) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programs in Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering on the basis of academic achievement (minimum 80%) combined with a proven interest in and involvement in fire safety research.
This award has been established in memory of Jim and Diane Ohi. Jim was a graduate student in Electrical and Computer Engineering; Diane was a graduate of the Systems Design Engineering program. Both were killed in an automobile accident on August 6, 1993. This award will be granted annually, if a suitable candidate exists, to a graduate student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering who demonstrates the qualities of leadership and a high level of academic achievement. Nominations are to be forwarded to the office of the Associate Chair of Graduate Studies in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department.
The Jon W. Mark Graduate Scholarship in Communication at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering is established to honor the significant accomplishments and contributions of Dr. Mark, including serving as former Chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, being recognized as a Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Life Fellow of IEEE, Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and Founder and Director of the Centre for Wireless Communications, in company with more than forty years of services as an eminent teacher, distinguished researcher, and mentor to hundreds of engineers, faculty and staff.
A scholarship, valued at $4000, will be provided annually to a full-time doctoral student enrolled in their second year in the Department of Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering who is conducting research in the areas of Polymer Engineering/Science.
One scholarship, valued at $5,000, will be awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in any year of the master’s program in the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering. Selection is based on research or a project demonstrating merit in entrepreneurship within the field of architecture.
An award, valued at $1,500, will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full-time in the first year of a master's program in the Faculty of Engineering.
An award, valued at $5,000, will be awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in the master’s of Architecture program in the School of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering. Selection is based on a thesis project’s potential to create positive, transformative impact on a large scale. Students interested in applying must submit an application form that can be found on the School of Architecture website, by the deadline advertised, normally each spring.
A scholarship valued at $10,000 is provided annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in a Masters or Doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering on the basis of academic excellence (minimum 80%).
Awarded to individuals who are currently involved, or have recently been involved, in teaching University of Waterloo undergraduate students in the Environmental Engineering (Civil) program while pursuing a course of study leading to a graduate degree within the Faculty of Engineering.
An award, valued at $5,000, will be presented annually to a full-time undergraduate or graduate student enrolled in any year of the undergraduate or master’s program in the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering. Selection is based on excellence in design and/or design initiative with distinctively actionable potential to positively impact Canadian communities with architecture that is thought-provoking, collaborative, and sustainable.
The endowment was established from revenues generated by an international biotechnology conference for which Dr. Murray Moo-Young served as Vice-Chair of the organizing committee.
A scholarship, valued at up to $50,000, will be provided to one graduate student registered full-time in a doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering.
An award valued at $500 will be awarded annually to a graduate student in the Masters of Engineering program who has demonstrated academic excellence.
The MME Graduate Association Symposium Award is provided annually to students registered in the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
The Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) and the University of Waterloo are pleased to announce annual Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis Fellowships
A scholarship, valued at $6,000, will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full time in the first term of thesis work in their master’s program in the School of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering.
A major endowment has been established to annually award 42 graduate Fellowships in Nanotechnology. Fellowships can be held simultaneously with other graduate awards. These prestigious fellowships are open to both graduate students currently pursuing nano-research at the University of Waterloo and to new students applying for admission. Applicants must satisfy the general eligiblity requirement for the University of Waterloo Graduate Scholarships. Special consideration will be given to students intending to pursue projects involving cross-disciplinary collaboration in nanotechnology. Selection of recipients for the fellowships will be made by a committee chair by the Executive Director of the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology.
Three scholarships, valued at $10,000 each, will be awarded annually to full-time graduate students enrolled in the Master of Business, Entrepreneurship & Technology Program in the Faculty of Engineering. Recipients must demonstrate academic excellence and possess a strong entrepreneurial outlook with business concepts that have the potential to become viable businesses. Preference will be given to students who are actively working on a technology/engineering-based venture. Decisions will be made in the spring term based on information gathered during the admission process. This fund is made possible by a donation from The Esch Foundation.
Four awards, valued at $2,500 each, will be provided annually to full-time undergraduate or graduate students in any year in the School of Architecture who have demonstrated exceptional leadership through design excellence.
Up to three scholarships will be given each term to doctoral students registered full-time in Electrical & Computer Engineering, with a preference given to students specializing in the area of communication research.
This $50,000 scholarship is awarded annually by the Polytechnique administration to a woman engineering student who wishes to enrol in graduate studies in engineering (master’s or PhD) at the institution of her choice, in Canada or elsewhere in the world.
This award is in memory of Professor Paul Niessen, a distinguished member of the Department of Mechanical Engineering who had a long association with Cominco Ltd. This award, consisting of a medal and up to $2,000 is awarded annually to one or two students who demonstrate leadership and skill in the Materials Science and Manufacturing Laboratories of the Department. Candidates should be enrolled in a Mechanical Engineering graduate program in the year preceding the award.
The Peggy and Tom Mulligan Scholarship will be awarded alternate years to a full-time University of Waterloo graduate student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering or the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science who holds an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST). The first scholarship will be awarded to a graduate student in Civil Engineering and therefore in the second year to a graduate student in Computer Science. The recipient is chosen by the Associate Dean, Graduate Studies, Faculty of Engineering or Mathematics depending on the year. There is one award valued at $15,000 ($5,000 from the endowment and $10,000 from government matching funds).
Several awards will be presented annually to full-time undergraduate students in Year Two, Three, or Four and/or master’s students in the School of Architecture.
A scholarship, valued at $4,000, will be awarded annually to a full-time female graduate student enrolled in the course-based master’s program in the Electrical & Computer Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering, wherein women are underrepresented.
The scholarship, valued at $1,000 will be awarded annually to a University of Waterloo graduate student registered full time in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Preference will be given to students conducting research in the area of Structures, Mechanics and Construction Engineering. The scholarship will be awarded to a graduate student on the basis of scholastic excellence. This scholarship has been established through a generous donation by the late Professor Mircea Z. Cohn.
A scholarship, valued at $1,500, will be provided annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in a research-based master’s or doctoral program in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department. Selection will be based on academic excellence (minimum 80% cumulative average in their current program or over the last two full-time academic years).
The QNX Graduate Scholarships were created by Mr. Dan Dodge, founder of QNX Software Systems to create opportunities for graduate students similar to those he received as an undergraduate and graduate student at the University of Waterloo.
These programs encourage excellence in graduate studies at publicly-assisted universities in Ontario.
One scholarship, valued at up to $7,500, is awarded annually to a new female graduate student entering the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) in the Fall or Winter term.
Entrance scholarships, valued at $5,000 for Master’s students and $10,000 for Doctoral students, will be awarded annually to full-time graduate students registered in the Collaborative Water program.
Scholarship(s) valued at $5,000 will be awarded annually to a full-time University of Waterloo graduate student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering who enters the Structures, Mechanics and Construction research area with preference for those doing cold-formed steel research.
- Richard & Elizabeth Madter Graduate Award in Electrical & Computer Engineering - OGS/QEII-GSST Match
Richard and Elizabeth Madter, Alumni of the University of Waterloo have established two research scholarships for graduate students in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo. The students will hold an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST).
Annual fellowships valued at $25,000 per year (for Master's students) and $30,000 per year (for Doctoral students) will be awarded to eligible graduate students registered full time in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
This scholarship has been established by Robbert Hartog who founded and was chair and CEO of Waltec Incorporated.
The Roberta and Lonsdale Schofield Graduate Scholarship in Architecture will be awarded annually to an outstanding student entering the professional Master of Architecture Program. Normally it will be awarded in conjunction with an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST). The endowment was established by Roberta and Lonsdale Schofield in recognition of the relocation of the School of Architecture to Cambridge.
Two scholarships, valued at $6,500 each, will be awarded annually to outstanding students entering the Master of Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology (MBET) Program.
A scholarship valued up to $1500 will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full time in a master's or doctoral program in Electrical & Computer Engineering who has demonstrated academic excellence and is conducting research in the area of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
A scholarship, valued at least $3,000, will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full-time in a research-based master’s or doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering, Math or Science who are part of the Quantum Information program. Selection will be based on academic excellence (minimum cumulative average of 80% or equivalent) and research potential in quantum information science and technology as demonstrated in their scholarship application.
This scholarship will be presented to a full-time graduate student who has been awarded an Ontario Graduate Scholarship and has been accepted into the Graduate program in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The scholarship recipient will be pursuing a graduate degree with a concentration in electronics, microelectronics, semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. The Associate Chair of Graduate Studies in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering through the departmental scholarship committee will come up with a name or short list of eligible candidates. The name or short list of candidates will be presented to the scholarship committee of the Faculty of Engineering to select the candidate.
The Schneider Foods Graduate Scholarship will be presented to a full-time graduate student who has been awarded into the Graduate program in Engineering, Environment or Science. The scholarship recipient must be pursuing a graduate degree with a concentration in water resources and treatment. Graduate Studies and Postdoctoral Affairs will review the list of eligible candidates and will make the final decision regarding the recipient of the scholarship. Students must hold an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST).
Several awards will be presented annually to full-time undergraduate or graduate students in the School of Architecture who enrolled in ARCH 473, ARCH 493, ARCH 671 or ARCH 691.
These awards honour deceased students, alumni, faculty, staff and friends of the Department of Systems Design Engineering. Awards are made, as funds permit, to full-time undergraduate or graduate students in the Department of Systems Design Engineering on the basis of academic achievement. Selection will be made by the Associate Dean of Engineering, Graduate Studies and Research. Donations have been received in memory of: Professor Muthu Chandrashekar.
These awards honour deceased students, alumni, faculty, staff and friends of the Department of Systems Design Engineering. Awards are made, as funds permit, to full-time undergraduate or graduate students in the Department of Systems Design Engineering on the basis of academic achievement. Selection will be made by the Associate Dean of Engineering, Graduate Studies and Research. Donations have been received in memory of: Professor Muthu Chandrashekar.
This will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered in the MASc or PhD program in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo.
The TD Bank Graduate Scholarships in the Environment are awarded annually to full-time University of Waterloo graduate students who hold an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST) and are enrolled in the faculties of Engineering, Environment or Science and in an area of study with a strong environmental focus.
Recipients are chosen by each Faculty’s Associate Dean of Graduate Studies. There are six awards valued at $5,000 each, two awards per faculty. Open to Canadian citizens and/or permanent residents.
This scholarship will be awarded annually to graduate students registered full time in a Master’s or Doctoral program in the Faculty of Engineering or Faculty of Science who are conducting research in the area of polymer science and engineering.
A scholarship valued at $1,500 will be awarded annually to a graduate student registered full time in a research-based Master’s or PhD program in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo. Selection will be based on research interest in the area of transportation and/or mobility with the goal of creating a benefit to society.
A scholarship valued at $4,000, will be awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in their first year of a doctoral program in the Department of Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo. Selection will be based on academic achievement (minimum 80% cumulative average or equivalent). Selection will be made by the Department of Chemical Engineering Graduate Review Committee annually in the spring term based on students' application for admission to the program.
This award was established by Urban Strategies Inc. which is a planning and urban design firm based in Toronto.
One award will be presented annually to a graduate student in the School of Architecture whose architectural thesis best exemplifies excellence in Urban Design. The selection will be based on merit and made by the Director of the School of Architecture and Urban Strategies Inc.
This scholarship will be used to enhance external scholarships like Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS),and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC).
One scholarship valued at $5,000 will be awarded annually to a full-time Canadian or Permanent Resident graduate student in the Departments of Chemical, Civil and Environmental, Mechanical and Mechatronics, or Electrical and Computer Engineering. The university will make every effort to match these awards through government programs. For instance, when matched with an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) the total value of each scholarship will be $15,000 annually. If this is not feasible, the scholarships will then be valued and awarded at $5,000 each. The scholarship selection will be made by the Associate Dean, Graduate Studies in the Faculty of Engineering.
The UW Fluid Mechanics Graduate Scholarship will be presented to a full-time graduate student who has been awarded an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) or a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology (QEII-GSST) and has been accepted into the Graduate program in the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering.
A scholarship valued at up to $10,000 is awarded annually to a full-time graduate student enrolled in the Masters of Business, Entrepreneurship & Technology (MBET) program on the basis of academic achievement.
An award, valued at $1,000, will be awarded annually to a full time undergraduate or graduate student enrolled in any year in the School of Architecture. Selection is based on research or a project that profiles, researches, explores, and/or works to develop solutions for a not-for-profit organization and/or charity located in the City of Cambridge.
Mr. Nicol has established the Wesley M. Nicol MBET Scholarship for outstanding students at the University's Centre for Business, Entrepreneurship & Technology (CBET).
Scholarships with a value of at least $1,000 will be awarded annually to graduate students registered full time in the master’s or doctoral program in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering.
A scholarship, valued at a minimum of $3,900, will be awarded annually to an outstanding graduate student entering a research-based master’s or doctoral program in Electrical and Computer Engineering.