Franz Joseph Haydn
1732-1809
🎼 Symphony No. 104 in D Major ("London") – Listening Guide
I. Adagio – Allegro
- Form: Sonata form
- Opening (Adagio):
- Dramatic and slow introduction in D minor.
- Heavy unison statement by the full orchestra—majestic and solemn.
- Allegro:
- Bright D major theme introduced by the strings.
- Cheerful and energetic, with a folk-like character.
- Development section explores different keys and fragments of the theme.
- Recapitulation brings back the main theme with variations.
- What to listen for:
- Contrast between the dark introduction and the lively main section.
- Use of dynamic shifts and orchestral color.
II. Andante
- Form: Ternary (ABA) or variation form
- Mood: Calm, lyrical, and elegant.
- Themes:
- Graceful main theme in G major, introduced by the strings.
- Middle section introduces tension with minor key modulations.
- What to listen for:
- Subtle shifts in mood and harmony.
- Haydn’s wit in rhythmic play and unexpected accents.
III. Menuetto: Allegro
- Form: Minuet and Trio
- Character: Stately and rhythmic, with a rustic charm.
- Minuet:
- Strong rhythmic pulse, dance-like.
- Trio:
- More lyrical and flowing, often featuring woodwinds.
- What to listen for:
- Contrast between the robust minuet and the smoother trio.
- Elegant phrasing and balance.
IV. Finale: Spiritoso
- Form: Sonata-rondo
- Mood: Joyful, energetic, and folk-inspired.
- Themes:
- Main theme resembles a Croatian folk tune.
- Spirited and repetitive, driving the movement forward.
- Development:
- Clever use of counterpoint and orchestral interplay.
- What to listen for:
- Infectious rhythmic drive.
- Haydn’s humor and inventiveness in the variations and orchestration.