ABSTRACT: The increasing demand, cost escalation and environmental impact of raw materials for industrial chemicals, materials, and energy production impel the development of sustainable strategies for resource utilization. Such sustainable resource demand spurred investigation for the utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes and by-products. The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy reduced most of the traditional uses of rendered animal meals such as blood meal, meat, and bone meal as animal feed, effectively making it an industrial waste.