Todd Holyoak
Biography
Professor Holyoak's laboratory’s research interests lie in the areas of enzyme structure, mechanism, inhibition and allostery. In light of these general interests our research currently focuses on the role that conformational plasticity plays in these areas of enzymology and how these dynamic aspects of enzyme structure can be exploited in the regulation of enzyme function. We are currently investigating these phenomena in two enzyme families: 1) the GTP-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases and 2) the IgA1 protease family of bacterial proteases using primarily the tools of steady-state kinetics and x-ray crystallography.
Phoshoenolpyruvate Carboxykinases (PEPCK)
Our investigations of PEPCK utilize these enzymes as a model system in which to investigate and develop our understanding of the linkage between the conformational plasticity of protein structure and enzyme function and molecular recognition. However, our studies on PEPCK should have additional impacts upon human health as PEPCK is an important cataplerotic enzyme whose activity in humans and other mammals is essential to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. As a consequence, flux through PEPCK contributes to the fasting hyperglycaemia observed in individuals afflicted with either Type I or Type II diabetes and has recently been implicated as a potential player in important biological processes such as cancer and aging.
IgA1 proteases
In the IgA1 proteases we are interested in discovering the mechanisms by which this enzyme family, containing both serine and metallo-protease isoforms, selectively cleaves a narrow range of protein substrates, primarily human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). In particular we are interested in how conformational flexibility plays a role in substrate selectivity and catalytic function in these enzymes. IgA1 proteases are produced in a number of important human bacterial pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the evidence supports a definite role for IgA1 proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal infection.
Phoshoenolpyruvate Carboxykinases (PEPCK)
Our investigations of PEPCK utilize these enzymes as a model system in which to investigate and develop our understanding of the linkage between the conformational plasticity of protein structure and enzyme function and molecular recognition. However, our studies on PEPCK should have additional impacts upon human health as PEPCK is an important cataplerotic enzyme whose activity in humans and other mammals is essential to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. As a consequence, flux through PEPCK contributes to the fasting hyperglycaemia observed in individuals afflicted with either Type I or Type II diabetes and has recently been implicated as a potential player in important biological processes such as cancer and aging.
IgA1 proteases
In the IgA1 proteases we are interested in discovering the mechanisms by which this enzyme family, containing both serine and metallo-protease isoforms, selectively cleaves a narrow range of protein substrates, primarily human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1). In particular we are interested in how conformational flexibility plays a role in substrate selectivity and catalytic function in these enzymes. IgA1 proteases are produced in a number of important human bacterial pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the evidence supports a definite role for IgA1 proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal infection.
Research Interests
- Enzymology
- Structural Biology\/Macromolecular crystallography
- Recombinant Protein expression
- Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery
- Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Molecular Genetics
- Microbiology
- Bioinformatics, Systematics and Evolution
Education
- 2000 Ph.D. Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, United States
- 1994 B.Sc. Biochemistry, University of Waterloo, Canada
Service
- Reviewing Board Member, The Journal of Biological Chemistry
Professional Associations
- American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- American Crystallographic Association
- American Chemical Society
Affiliations and Volunteer Work
- Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research (member)
Teaching*
- BIOL 130 - Introductory Cell Biology
- Taught in 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023
- BIOL 439 - Environmental and Natural Products Biochemistry
- Taught in 2020
- BIOL 465 - Structural Bioinformatics
- Taught in 2022, 2023
* Only courses taught in the past 5 years are displayed.
Selected/Recent Publications
- Johnson, T.A., Matthew J. Mcleod, and Holyoak, T. Utilization of substrate intrinsic binding energy for conformational change and catalytic function in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Biochemistry, 2016, 55:575-587.
- Balan, M.D., Mcleod, M.J., Lotosky, W.R., Ghaly, M., and Holyoak, T. Inhibition and allosteric regulation of monomeric phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by 3-mercaptopicolinic acid. Biochemistry, 2015;54:5878-5887.
- Park, K.T., Wu, W., Battaile, K.P., Lovell, S., Holyoak, T. and Lutkenhaus, J. The Min oscillator uses MinD-dependent conformational changes in MinE to spatially regulate cytokinesis. Cell. 2011; 146:396-407.
- Johnson, T.A., Qiu, J., Plaut, A.G. and Holyoak, T. Active site gating regulates substrate selectivity in a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. The structure of Haemophilus influenzae IgA1 protease. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:559-574.
- Sullivan, S.M. and Holyoak, T. Enzymes with lid-gated active sites must operate by an induced fit mechanism instead of conformational selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:13829-13834.
Patents
- “IgA1 protease polypeptide agents and uses thereof” by T. Holyoak, A.G. Plaut and J. Qui
- “Inhibitor scaffold for the inhibition of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.” by T. Holyoak, G. Carlson, S. Sullivan and R. Stiffin.