C. Perry Chou, PhD, PEng

C. Perry Chou, specializing in bio-based production using microbial cell factories, received his BSc and MSc from National Taiwan University (Taipei, Taiwan) and PhD from Rice University (Houston, USA), all in Chemical Engineering. He is a full professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at University of Waterloo. He is primarily involved in developing integrated biochemical, genetic, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies to enhance biomanufacturing with various microorganisms as cell factories. His multidisciplinary expertise in fundamental biological sciences and applied biochemical engineering critically mediates the development of innovative strategies in biomanufacturing and seamlessly integrates various techniques for bioprocess development, including upstream genetic manipulation for microbial strain engineering, midstream bioreactor technology for microbial cell cultivation, and downstream processing for bioproduct harvest and purification. He is an author of 110+ papers in various peer-review bioscience and bioengineering journals. He has received several awards, in particular Canada Research Chair (Canada). He has been involved in various editorial services, particularly the Managing Editor for Biotechnology Advances, as well as an editorial board member for several peer-review journals.

• AI-Driven Biotechnology

• Biochemical/Bioprocess Engineering

• Biomanufacturing

• Bio-based Production

• Genetic Engineering

• Gene Expression

• Metabolic Engineering

• Recombinant Protein Production

• Synthetic Biology

• Strain Engineering

To date, most chemical compounds are still made via chemical processing with fossil fuels as raw materials. Due to voracious consumption and then unstable supply of fossil fuels, major environmental concern of climate change, stringent regulations for petro-based production, and motivation to “low carbon” economy, replacing petrochemical processes with biomass-biological strategies, so-called bio-based production or biomanufacturing, has been recognized as a modern technology for more renewable and sustainable manufacturing of chemical compounds. For bio-based production, cell factories, particularly microorganisms, with specialized metabolic pathways are adopted as whole-cell biocatalysts for conversion. Compared to in vitro chemical transformation, such in vivo biotransformation offers a significant processing simplicity and technological advantages, particularly for the production of structurally complex compounds, by driving multi-step reactions with high specificity in cultivated single cells.

To conduct bio-based production, it is critical to derive suitable microbial cell factories. Natural (i.e., wild-type) microorganisms often lack key genes/enzymes and pathways associated with the formation of target bioproducts, such as recombinant proteins (e.g., industrial enzymes, therapeutic proteins, antibodies, etc.) and chemical metabolites (e.g., biofuels, fine/value-added chemicals, biopolymers, etc.). Hence, they need to be properly "engineered" with various biotechnological tools, such as synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and genetic engineering, which have been well developed over the past decades. Then, the "engineered" microorganisms can be cultivated in bioreactors for large-scale cell propagation and bioproduct formation. Finally, the cell culture will be processed for harvesting and purfication of the target bioproduct. While these are typical procedures for bioprocess development, one can easily imagine that strain engineering will critically determine the successful development and economical feasibility of most, if not all, bioprocesses.

Our research group is primarily involved in developing integrated biochemical, genetic, and metabolic engineering strategies to enhance bio-based production with bacteria as cell factories. With multidisciplinary expertise in fundamental biological sciences and applied biochemical engineering, we have developed innovative biotechnological strategies tackling various techical issues for bioprocess development, including upstream genetic manipulation for strain engineering, midstream fermentation technology for cell cultivation, and downstream processing for bioproduct harvest and purification, in the hope to make bio-based production more effective and economically feasible. Special research focus will given to strain engineering while we tackle all bioprocessing issues.

If you have suitable education and technical backgrounds, particularly in microbial biotechnology and bioprocess engineering, and are interested in conducting graduate study in our research group, I encourge you to read our publications and check the opportunities posted here for graduate study.

1. Strain engineering of Escherichia coli for biobased production

While E. coli represents the most popular host system for biobased production, many chemicals are non-native to this microorganism. Specifically, odd-chain alcohols/acids are not natively produced by E. coli, or even most microorganisms, due to the lack of relevant C3-metabolic pathways. We have explored the production of non-native 1-propanol in E. coli by activation of the genomic Sleeping beauty mutase (Sbm) operon, which is a native gene operon in E. coli but its native expression often remains dormant. Importantly, activation of the Sbm operon has led to the implementation of a novel C3-fermentative pathway with the formation of a key metabolic intermediate, i.e. propionyl-CoA. The presence of propionyl-CoA, along with subsequently developed synthetic biology strategies, has opened a wide avenue for novel biosynthesis of many non-native valuable chemical compounds derived from propionyl-CoA using E. coli as a cell factory, including 1-propanol, propionate, butanone, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), and 3-hydroxyvalerate.

2. Strain engineering of Bacillus subtilis for biobased production

Although B. subtilis is a popular Gram-positive bacterium designated as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) strain to generate products for human consumption, genetic tools of this microorganism are immature. We have developed a CRISPR-Cas9 tool kit by implementing CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing and strain engineering of B. subtilis. The successful implementation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system has enabled extensive strain engineering, including gene knockout, gene knock-in, gene knock-down, site-specific mutation, and multiplexed manipulation on the genome, leading to my subsequent development of various novel engineered B. subtilis strains for biobased production of value-added products, including biopolymer (hyaluronic acid), amino acid (valine), organic acid (isobutyrate).

3. Strain engineering of anaerobic Clostridium for biobased production

We have been involved in engineering strict anaerobic Clostridium species, mainly Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium pasteurianum, for 1-butanol production. While bacterial production of 1-butanol was widely explored, we specifically focused on an important feedstock issue by using glycerol, which is a cheap side-product associated with biodiesel production. C. pasteurianum can naturally dissimilate glycerol, but its genetic tools were unavailable. We have developed genetic tools for DNA transformation and heterologous gene expression in C. pasteurianum. Given these successful developments, genomic engineering of C. pasteurianum was still difficult. Also, C. acetobutylicum had the similar technical difficulty for genomic engineering, though several genetic tools already existed then. Hence, we have implemented the CRISPR-Cas9 system into these two microorganisms for genomic engineering, including gene knockout, gene knock-in, and gene-knock-down.

4. Microbial production of industrial enzymes and therapeutic proteins

We have developed various biochemical and genetic engineering strategies for industrial enzyme production in E. coli. Using penicillin G acylases (PAC) with a unique posttranslational processing mechanism, potential bottleneck steps limiting heterologous production of recombinant protein was demonstrated, leading to the construction of various host/vector systems for enhanced gene expression. An integrated approach that considers various issues in all bioprocess stages was taken to develop a bioprocess for effective PAC expression and purification. On the other hand, various genetic strategies were developed for heterologous expression of lipases in the various compartments of E. coli, including cytoplasm, periplasm, cell surface, and extracellular medium. The developed strategies can be applied to other target proteins, even with more complex gene expression steps, and offer an easy, efficient, and rational way for improving recombinant protein production. We have also been involved in developing biochemical and genetic engineering strategies for therapeutics production in E. coli. One product is the extracytoplamic region of human CD83 for potential treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation rejection. Another product is a therapeutic antibody fragment against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) for potential treatment of HER2-associated cancers.

Over the past 20 years, my research group has developed a fruitful partnership with several industrial companies on various bioprocessing topics, particularly including Argos Therapeutics, Inc. for therapeutic protein production, Natrix Separations on bioseparation based on membrane chromatography, Algaeneers, Inc. on biobased production, Genecis Bioindustries Inc. on biopolymer production, and Ardra Inc. on porphyrin production. All these industrial research projects were funded either based on industrial contract reserach or government partnership grants (e.g., NSERC CRD/Alliance, Mitacs). These industrial partnerships are valuable assets to the developed training programs, enabling highly-qualified trainees in my research group to obtain extensive expertise and experience in bioprocess development, operation, optimization, and even commercialization.

• PhD in Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA (8/1990-5/1995)

• MSc in Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (7/1986-10/1987)

• BSc in Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (10/1980-5/1984)

• Canada Research Chair Award in Biomanufacturing, Tier II, NSERC, Canada (2010-2015)

• Thousand Talents Program Award, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (2011)

• Visiting Lecturer Award, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada (2008)

• Canada Research Chair Award in Novel Strategy for High-Level Recombinant Protein Production, Tier II, NSERC, Canada (2005-2010)

• Outstanding Research Award, National Science Council, Taiwan (2000-2001)

• Outstanding Research Award, Feng Chia University, Taiwan (1999-2002)

• Outstanding Presentation Award, Graduate Student Symposium, Rice University, Houston, Texas (1994)

• Managing Editor/Editor: Biotechnology Advances (Impact factor: 12.5), ELSEVIER (1/2022-present as Managing Editor; 9/2007-1/2022 as Editor)

• Associate Editor: BMC Biotechnology (Impact factor: 3.5), SPRINGER NATURE (9/2019-present)

• Associate Editor: Frontiers in Microbiology (Impact factor: 4.5), FRONTIERS MEDIA SA (8/2018-present)

• Associate Editor: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (Impact factor: 4.8), FRONTIERS MEDIA SA (8/2018-present)

• Editorial Board Member: Synthetic Biology and Engineering, SCIEPublish, (10/2022-present)

• Editorial Board Member: BioTech (Impact factor: 2.7), MDPI (6/2021-present)

• Editorial Board Member: Bioresources and Bioprocessing (Impact factor: 5.1), SPRINGER NATURE (12/2019-present)

• Editorial Board Member: Scientific Reports (Impact factor: 3.8), NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP (2/2016-present)

• Editorial Board Member: Journal of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques, OMICs Publishing Group (9/2010-present)

• Guest Editor: Special issues: Biosorption, Bioresource Technology (Impact factor: 9.7), Elsevier (9/2013-8/2014); Special issue: Biorefinery, Bioresource Technology (Impact factor: 9.7), Elsevier (4/2012-12/2012); Special issue: Biohydrogen, Bioresource Technology (Impact factor: 9.7), Elsevier (7/2010-4/2011)

• CHE 161 - Engineering Biology
  • Taught in 2022, 2024
• CHE 361 - Bioprocess Engineering
  • Taught in 2021, 2023, 2025, 2026
• CHE 562 - Advanced Bioprocess Engineering
  • Taught in 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026
• CHE 660 - Principles of Biochemical Engineering
  • Taught in 2021, 2023, 2025

* Only courses taught in the past 5 years are displayed.

• Y. Tang, B. Unnikrishnan, J.-Y. Mao, C.-J. Lin, C.-Y. Lee, C.-Y. Wang, C.-Y. Li, H.-J. Lin, C. P. Chou, and C.-C. Huang, "Edge-State Programed Carbonized Nanogels Enable Precise Hot-Start PCR by Multivalent Enzyme Inhibition", Small, 22:11, e12777 (2026)

• S. Sarkar, C.-Y. Wang, P.-H. Hsu, B. Unnikrishnan, Y. Tang, S. Y. Chen, C. J. Lin, A. Anand, R.-H. Shih, L. E. Hean, P.-Y. Chen, R.-Y. Huang, C. P. Chou, and C.-C. Huang, "In situ incorporation of boronate into carbonized alginate nanogels for targeted inhibition of triple-negative breast cancer metastasis by inducing cytoskeletal disruption, cell growth arrest, and apoptosis", Biomaterials, 324, 123500 (2026)

• B. Arab, J. Chen, A. N. Khusnutdinova, C. P. Chou, and Y. Liu, "Advancing bio-recycling of nylon monomers through CRISPR-assisted Engineering", Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 104267 (2025)

• B. Arab, M. Moo-Young, Y. Liu, and C. P. Chou, "Two-Step Bio-Based Production of Heme: In-Vivo Cell Cultivation Followed by In-Vitro Enzymatic Conversion", Fermentation, 11(4), 198 (2025)

• I. P. W. Dharmasiddhi, J. Chen, B. Arab, C. Lan, C. Euler, C. P. Chou, and Y. Liu, "Engineering a Cross-Feeding Synthetic Bacterial Consortium for Degrading Mixed PET and Nylon Monomers", Processes, 13(2), 375 (2025)

• B. Arab, M. Moo-Young, Y. Liu, and C. P. Chou, "Manipulating intracellular oxidative condition to enhance porphyrin production in Escherichia coli", Bioengineering, 12(1), 83 (2025)

• J. Chen, M. Liu, S. Chen, C. P. Chou, H. Liu, D. Wu, and Y. Liu, "Engineered Therapeutic Bacteria with High-Yield Membrane Vesicle Production Inspired by Eukaryotic Membrane Curvature for Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease", ACS Nano, 19(2), 2405–2418 (2025)

• S. Mani; B. Arab, V. Akbari, and C. P. Chou, "Integrated bioprocessing and genetic strategies to enhance soluble expression of anti-HER2 immunotoxin in Escherichia coli", AMB Express, 14: 107 (2024)

• B. Arab, A. Westbrook, M. Moo-Young, Y. Liu, and C. P. Chou, "High-level bio-based production of coproporphyrin in Escherichia coli", Fermentation, 10(5), 250 (2024)

• B. Arab, A. Westbrook, M. Moo-Young, Y. Liu, and C. P. Chou, "Bio-based production of uroporphyrin in Escherichia coli", Synthetic Biology and Engineering, 2(1), 10002 (2024) (This paper received the Best Paper Award 2026 for the journal.)

• B. Arab, A. Westbrook, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "A toolkit for effective and successive genome engineering of Escherichia coli", Fermentation, 9(1), 14 (2023)

• J.-Y. Mao, D. Miscevic, B. Unnikrishnana, H.-W. Chua, C. P. Chou, L. Chang, H.-J. Lin, and C.-C. Huang, "Carbon nanogels exert multipronged attack on resistant bacteria and strongly constrain resistance evolution", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 608, 1813-1826 (2022)

• D. Lall, D. Miscevic, M. Bruder, A. Westbrook, M. Aucoin, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Strain engineering and bioprocessing strategies for biobased production of porphobilinogen in Escherichia coli", Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 8, 122 (2021)

• D. Miscevic, J.-Y. Mao, B. Mozell, K. Srirangan, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Bio-based production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with modulated monomeric fraction in Escherichia coli", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 105, 1435-1446 (2021)

• D. Miscevic, J.-Y. Mao, D. Abedi, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Strain engineering for high-level 5-aminolevulinic acid production in Escherichia coli", Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 118:30-42 (2021)

• V. Akbari, C. P. Chou, and D. Abedi, "New insights into affinity proteins for HER2-targeted therapy: beyond trastuzumab", BBA - Reviews on Cancer, 1874, 188448 (2020)

• D. Miscevic, J.-Y. Mao, D. Abedi, C.-C. Huang, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Integrated strain engineering and bioprocessing strategies for high-level bio-based production of 3-hydroxyvalerate in Escherichia coli", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104, 5259-5272 (2020)

• D. Miscevic, J.-Y. Mao, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "High-level heterologous production of propionate in engineered Escherichia coli", Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 117, 1304-1315 (2020)

• D. Miscevic, K. Srirangan, S. Kilpatrick, D. A. Chung, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Heterologous production of 3-hydroxyvalerate in engineered Escherichia coli", Metabolic Engineering, 61, 141-151 (2020)

• D. Miscevic, K. Srirangan, D. Abedi, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Production of cellulosic butyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in engineered Escherichia coli", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103, 5215-5230 (2019)

• A. Westbrook, D. Miscevic, S. Kilpatrick, M. Bruder, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Strain engineering for microbial production of value-added chemicals and fuels from glycerol", Biotechnology Advances, 37, 538-568 (2019)

• A. Anand, B. Unnikrishnan, S.-C. Wei, L. Zhang, C. P. Chou, and C.-C. Huang "Graphene oxide and carbon dots as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents – A minireview", Nanoscale Horizons, 4, 117-137 (2019)

• A. Westbrook, X. Ren, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for L-valine overproduction", Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 115, 2778-2792 (2018)

• A. Westbrook, X. Ren, Jaewon Oh, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Metabolic engineering to enhance heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in Bacillus subtilis", Metabolic Engineering, 47, 401–413 (2018)

• A. Westbrook, X. Ren, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Application of hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon oxygen vectors to enhance heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in engineered Bacillus subtilis", Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 115, 1239-1252 (2018)

• A. Westbrook, X. Ren, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Engineering of cell membrane to enhance heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in Bacillus subtilis", Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 115, 216–231 (2018)

• K. Srirangan, L. E. Stacey, C. Newton, L. K. Akawi, C. P. Chou, M. G. Aucoin, "Use of a case on metabolically engineered Escherichia coli to develop a framework for the design and analysis of bioprocesses", International Journal of Engineering Education, 33, 751-760 (2017)

• K. Srirangan, M. Bruder, L. Akawi, D. Miscevic, S. Kilpatrick, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Recent advances in engineering propionyl-CoA metabolism for microbial production of value-added chemicals and biofuels", Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 37:6, 701-722 (2017)

• K. Srirangan, X. Liu, T. T. Tran, T. C. Charles, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Engineering of Escherichia coli for direct and modulated biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer using unrelated carbon sources", Scientific Reports, 6, 36470 (2016)

• M. Bruder, M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Extending CRISPR-Cas9 technology from genome editing to transcriptional engineering in Clostridium", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82, 6109-6119 (2016)

• M. E. Pyne, S. Sokolenko, X. Liu, K. Srirangan, M. R. Bruder, M. G. Aucoin, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Disruption of the reductive 1,3-propanediol pathway triggers production of 1,2-propanediol for sustained glycerol fermentation by Clostridium pasteurianum", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82, 5375-5388 (2016) (This paper was included in the Spotlight of the issue.)

• A. Westbrook, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Development of a CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit for comprehensive engineering of Bacillus subtilis", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82:4876-4895 (2016) (This paper was included in the Spotlight of the issue.)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Bruder, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Harnessing heterologous and endogenous CRISPR-Cas machineries for efficient markerless genome editing in Clostridium", Scientific Reports, 6, 25666 (2016)

• M. E. Pyne, X. Liu, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Genome-directed analysis of prophage excision, host defence systems, and central fermentative metabolism in Clostridium pasteurianum", Scientific Reports, 6, 26228 (2016)

• K. Srirangan, X. Liu, L. Akawi, M. Bruder, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Engineering Escherichia coli for microbial production of butanone", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82, 2574-2584 (2016)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Antisense-RNA-mediated gene downregulation in Clostridium pasteurianum", Fermentation (Special Issue: Metabolic Engineering), 1, 113-126 (2015)

• V. Akbari, H. M. M. Sadeghi, A. Jafrian-Dehkordi, D. Abedi, and C. P. Chou, "Improved biological activity of a single chain antibody fragment against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressed in the periplasm of Escherichia coli", Protein Expression and Purification, 116, 66-74 (2015)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Coupling the CRISPR/Cas9 system to lambda Red recombineering enables simplified chromosomal gene replacement in Escherichia coli", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81, 5103-5114 (2015)

• M. Bruder, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Elimination of Carbon Catabolite Repression in Clostridium acetobutylicum - a journey towards simultaneous use of xylose and glucose", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99, 7579-7588 (2015)

• K. Srirangan, L. Akawi, X. Liu, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Engineering Escherichia coli for high-level production of propionate", Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 42, 1057-1072 (2015)

• V. Akbari, H. M. M. Sadeghi, A. Jafrian-Dehkordi, C. P. Chou, and D. Abedi, "Optimization of single-chain antibody fragment overexpression in Escherichia coli using response surface methodology", Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10, 65-73 (2015)

• C. P. Chou and D.-J. Lee, "Preface of Special Issue on Biosorption", Bioresource Technology, 160:1-2 (2014)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Expansion of the genetic toolkit for metabolic engineering of Clostridium pasteurianum: Chromosomal gene disruption of the endogenous CpaAI restriction enzyme", Biotechnology for Biofuels, 7:163 (2014)

• M. E. Pyne, S. Utturkar, S. D. Brown, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Improved draft genome sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 (DSM 525) using a hybrid next-generation sequencing approach", Genome Announcements, 2 (4), e00790-14 (2014)

• K. Srirangan, X. Liu, A. Westbrook, L. Akawi, M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Biochemical, genetic, and metabolic engineering strategies to enhance coproduction of 1-propanol and ethanol in engineered Escherichia coli", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98, 9499-9515 (2014)

• A. Westbrook, J. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, N. Oosterhuis, and C. P. Chou, "Application of a two-dimensional disposable rocking bioreactor to bacterial cultivation for recombinant protein production", Biochemical Engineering Journal, 88, 154-161 (2014)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Bruder, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Technical guide for genetic advancement of underdeveloped and intractable Clostridium", Biotechnology Advances, 32, 623-641 (2014)

• V. Akbari, H. M. M. Sadeghi, A. Jafrian-Dehkordi, D. Abedi, and C. P. Chou, "Functional expression of a single-chain antibody fragment against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in Escherichia coli", Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 41, 947-956 (2014)

• J. M. Park, A. Kondo, J.-S. Chang, C. P. Chou and P. Monsan, "Preface of Special Issue on Biorefineries", Bioresource Technology, 135:1 (2013)

• K. Srirangan, L. Akawi, X. Liu, A. Westbrook, E. J.M. Blondeel, M. G. Aucoin M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Manipulating the sleeping beauty mutase operon for the production of 1-propanol in engineered Escherichia coli", Biotechnology for Biofuels, 6, 139 (2013)

• K. Srirangan, V. Orr, L. Akawi, A. Westbrook, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Biotechnological advances on penicillin G acylase: pharmaceutical implications, unique expression mechanism, and production strategies", Biotechnology Advances, 31, 1319-1332 (2013)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, and C. P. Chou, "Development of an electrotransformation protocol for genetic manipulation of Clostridium pasteurianum", Biotechnology for Biofuels, 6: 50 (2013)

• V. Orr, L. Zhong, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Recent Advances in Bioprocessing Application of Membrane Chromatography", Biotechnology Advances, 31, 450-465 (2013)

• V. Orr, J. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, D. Fenner, L. Crossley, C. H. Honeyman, S.-Y. Suen, and C. P. Chou, "Integrated development of an effective bioprocess for extracellular production of penicillin G acylase in Escherichia coli and its subsequent one-step purification", Journal of Biotechnology, 161, 19-26 (2012)

• V. Orr, J. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, D. Fenner, L. Crossley, C. H. Honeyman, S.-Y. Suen, and C. P. Chou, "Simultaneous clarification of Escherichia coli culture and purification of extracellularly produced penicillin G acylase using tangential flow filtration and anion-exchange membrane chromatography (TFF-AEMC)", Journal of Chromatography B, 900, 71-78 (2012)

• K. Srirangan, L. Akawi, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Towards sustainable production of clean energy carriers from biomass resources", Applied Energy, 100, 172-186 (2012)

• K. S. Sukhija, M. E. Pyne, S. Ali, V. Orr, D. Abedi, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Develop an extended genomic engineering approach based on recombineering to knock-in heterologous genes to Escherichia coli genome", Molecular Biotechnology, 51, 109-118 (2012)

• L. Zhong, K. Srirangan, J. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, D. Fenner, L. Crossley, C. H. Honeyman, S.-Y. Suen, and C. P. Chou, "Developing an RNase-free bioprocess to produce pharmaceutical-grade plasmid DNA using selective precipitation and membrane chromatography", Separation and Purification Technology, 83, 121-129 (2011)

• L. Zhang, C. P. Chou, and M. Moo-Young, "Disulfide bond formation and its impact on the biological activity and stability of recombinant therapeutic proteins produced by Escherichia coli expression system", Biotechnology Advances, 29, 923-929 (2011)

• K. Srirangan, M. E. Pyne, and C. P. Chou, "Biochemical and genetic engineering strategies to enhance hydrogen production in photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria", Bioresource Technology, 102, 8589-8604 (2011)

• L. Zhong, J. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, D. Fenner, L. Crossley, C. H. Honeyman, S.-Y. Suen, and C. P. Chou, "Potential application of hydrogel-based strong anion-exchange membrane for plasmid DNA purification", Journal of Chromatography B, 879, 564-572 (2011)

• N. Narayanan, M. Khan, and C. P. Chou, "Enhancing functional expression of heterologous Burkholderia lipase in Escherichia coli", Molecular Biotechnology, 47, 130-143 (2011)

• L. Zhang, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Molecular manipulation associated with disulfide bond formation to enhance the stability of recombinant human CD83", Protein Expression and Purification, 75, 28-39 (2011)

• W. Ge, J. Arp, D. Lian, W. Liu, M. Baroja, J. Jiang, S. Ramcharran, F. Z. ElDeen, E. Zinser, A. Steinkasserer, C. P. Chou, S. Brand, C. Nicolette, B. Garcia, H. Wang, "Immunosuppression involving soluble CD83 induces tolerogenic dendritic cells that prevent cardiac allograft rejection", Transplantation, 90, 1145-1156 (2010)

• L. Zhang, N. Narayanan, S. R. Brand, C. A. Nicolette, M. Baroja, J. Arp, H. Wang, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Structural identification of recombinant human CD83 mutant variant as a potent therapeutic protein", Protein Expression and Purification, 73, 140-146 (2010)

• N. Narayanan, M. Khan, and C. P. Chou, "Enhancing functional expression of heterologous lipase B in Escherichia coli by extracellular secretion", Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 37, 349-361 (2010)

• L. Zhang, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Effect of aberrant disulfide bond formation on protein conformation and molecular behavior of recombinant therapeutics", Pure and Applied Chemistry, 82, 149-159 (2010)

• N. Narayanan and C. P. Chou, "Alleviation of proteolytic sensitivity to enhance recombinant lipase production in Escherichia coli", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 5424-5427 (2009)

• R. Gheshlaghi, J. M. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Metabolic pathways of Clostridia for producing butanol", Biotechnology Advances, 27, 764-781 (2009)

• Y. Xu, L. Zhang, W. Yao, S. S. Yedahalli, S. Brand, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Bioprocess development for production, purification, and structural characterization of recombinant hCD83ext as a therapeutic protein", Protein Expression and Purification, 65, 92-99 (2009)

• Y. Xu, A. Yasin, R. Tang, J. M. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou, "Heterologous expression of lipase in Escherichia coli is limited by folding and disulfide bond formation", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 81, 79-87 (2008)

• Y. Xu, D. Lewis, and C. P. Chou, "Effect of folding factors in rescuing unstable heterologous lipase B to enhance its overexpression in the periplasm of Escherichia coli", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 79, 1035-1044 (2008)

• Y. Xu, A. Yasin, T. Wucherpfennig, and C. P. Chou, "Enhancing functional expression of heterologous lipase in the periplasm of Escherichia coli", World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 12, 2827-2835 (2008)

• N. Narayanan, S. Follonier, and C. P. Chou, "Monitor extracytoplasmic stress upon recombinant protein overproduction in the periplasm of Escherichia coli", Biochemical Engineering Journal, 42, 13-19 (2008)

• N. Narayanan and C. P. Chou, "Periplasmic chaperone FkpA reduces extracytoplasmic stress response and improves cell-surface display on Escherichia coli", Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 42, 506-513 (2008)

• N. Narayanan and C. P. Chou, "Physiological improvement to enhance Escherichia coli cell-surface display via reducing extracytoplasmic stress", Biotechnology Progress, 24, 293-301 (2008)

• C. P. Chou, "Therapeutic activity of soluble CD83", Immunology Letters, 115, 20 (2008)

• C.-S. Chang, H.-S. Ni, S.-Y. Suen, W.-C. Tseng, H.-C. Chiu, and C. P. Chou, "Preparative of inorganic-organic anion-exchange membranes and their application in plasmid DNA and RNA separation", Journal of Membrane Science, 311, 336-348 (2008)

• C. P. Chou, "Protein overexpression in Escherichia coli", Biotechnology Focus, 10, 16–19 (2007)

• C. P. Chou "Review: Engineering cell physiology to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76:521-532 (2007)

• M.-S. Wu, K.-L. Pan, and C. P. Chou "Effect of heat-shock proteins for relieving physiological stress and enhancing the production of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 96: 956-966 (2007)

• M. Moo-Young and C. P. Chou “Bioprocessing strategies for cell-factory systems: A timely reminder,” Biotechnology Focus, 9, 10-13 (2006)

• N. Narayanan, Y. Xu, and C. P. Chou "High-level gene expression for recombinant penicillin acylase production using the araB Promoter system in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology Progress, 22: 1518-1523 (2006)

• M. Moo-Young and C. P. Chou “Bioprocessing strategies for cell-factory systems,” Canadian Chemical News, 58 (9), 14-16 (2006)

• N. Narayanan, M.-Y. Hsieh, Y. Xu, and C. P. Chou "Arabinose serves as an effective inducer for induction of lac-derived promoter systems for the production of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology Progress, 22: 617-625 (2006)

• Y. Xu, S. Rosenkranz, C.-L. Weng, J. M. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou "Characterization of the T7 promoter system for expressing penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72: 529-536 (2006)

• Y. Xu, M.-Y. Hsieh, N. Narayanan, W. A. Anderson, J. M. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou "Cytoplasmic overexpression, folding, and processing of penicillin acylase precursor in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology Progress, 21: 1357-1365 (2005)

• Y. Xu, C.-L. Weng, N. Narayanan, M.-Y. Hsieh, W. A. Anderson, J. M. Scharer, M. Moo-Young, and C. P. Chou "Chaperone-mediated folding and maturation of penicillin acylase precursor in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71: 6247-6253 (2005)

• K.-L. Pan, H.-C. Hsiao, C.-L. Weng, M.-S. Wu, and C. P. Chou "Roles of DegP in prevention of protein misfolding in the periplasm upon overexpression of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 3020-3030 (2003)

• H.-L. Chin, Z.-S. Chen, and C. P. Chou "Fedbatch operation using Clostridium acetobutylicum suspension culture as biocatalyst for enhancing hydrogen production," Biotechnology Progress, 19, 383-388 (2003)

• Y.-H. Lin, H.-C. Hsiao, and C. P. Chou "Strain improvement to enhance the production of recombinant penicillin acylase in high-cell-density Escherichia coli cultures," Biotechnology Progress, 18, 1458-1461 (2002)

• S.-W. Huang, Y.-H. Lin, H.-L. Chin, W.-C. Wang, B.-Y. Kuo, and C. P. Chou "Effect of pH on high-temperature production of bacterial penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology Progress, 18, 668-671 (2002)

• W.-J. Lin, B.-Y. Kuo, and C. P. Chou "A biochemical engineering approach for enhancing production of recombinant penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 24, 239-247 (2001)

• W.-J. Lin, S.-W. Huang, and C. P. Chou "High-level extracellular production of penicillin acylase by genetic engineering of Escherichia coli," Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 76, 1030-1037 (2001)

• Y.-H. Lin, W.-L. Fang, W.-J. Lin, S.-W. Huang, and C. P. Chou "Improving production of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli via efficient DegP-mediated processing of precursors in periplasm," Process Biochemistry, 37, 23-30 (2001)

• W.-J. Lin, S.-W. Huang, and C. P. Chou "DegP-coexpression minimizes inclusion body formation upon overproduction of recombinant penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 73, 484-492 (2001)

• C. P. Chou, W.-J. Lin, B.-Y. Kuo, and C.-C. Yu "Genetic strategies to enhance penicillin acylase production in Escherichia coli," Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27, 766-773 (2000)

• C. P. Chou, W.-C. Wang, and M.-I. Lin "An approach for enhancing heterologous production of Providencia rettgeri penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology Progress, 16, 315-318 (2000)

• C. P. Chou and J.-H. Tseng "Effect of carbon source on inclusion body formation upon overproduction of periplasmic penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Journal of Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 31, 219-224 (2000)

• C. P. Chou, M.-I. Lin, and W.-C. Wang "Production of heterologous Providencia rettgeri penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Journal of Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 31, 135-144 (2000)

• C. P. Chou, B.-Y. Kuo, and W.-J. Lin "Optimization of the Host/Vector System and Culture Conditions for Production of Penicillin Acylase in Escherichia coli," Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 88, 160-167 (1999)

• C. P. Chou, C.-C. Yu, W.-J. Lin, B.-Y. Kuo, and W.-C. Wang "Novel strategy for efficient screening and construction of host/vector systems to overproduce penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 65, 219-226 (1999)

• C. P. Chou, J.-H. Tseng, B.-Y. Kuo, K.-M. Lai, M.-I. Lin, and H.-K. Lin "Effect of SecB chaperone on production of periplasmic penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology Progress, 15, 439-445 (1999)

• C. P. Chou, J.-H. Tseng, M.-I. Lin, H.-K. Lin, and C.-C. Yu "Manipulation of carbon assimilation with respect to expression of the pac gene for improving production of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Journal of Biotechnology, 69, 27-38 (1999)

• C. P. Chou, C.-C. Yu, J.-H. Tseng, M.-I. Lin, and H.-K. Lin "Genetic manipulation to identify limiting steps and develop strategies for high-level expression of penicillin acylase in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 63, 263-272 (1999)

• C.-H. Chou, G. N. Bennett, and K.-Y. San "Genetic manipulation of stationary-phase genes to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 50, 636-642 (1996)

• C.-H. Chou, A. A. Aristidou, S.-Y. Meng, G. N. Bennett, and K.-Y. San "Characterization of a pH-inducible promoter system for high-level expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 47, 186-192 (1995)

• C.-H. Chou, G. N. Bennett, and K.-Y. San "Effect of modulated glucose uptake on high-level recombinant protein production in a dense Escherichia coli culture," Biotechnology Progress, 10, 644-647 (1994)

• C.-H. Chou, G. N. Bennett, and K.-Y. San "Effect of modified glucose uptake using genetic engineering techniques on high-level recombinant protein production in dense Escherichia coli cultures," Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 44, 952-960 (1994)

• K.-Y. San, G. N. Bennett, C.-H. Chou, and A. A. Aristidou "An optimization study of a pH-inducible promoter system for high-level recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 721, 268-276 (1994)

• K.-Y. San, G. N. Bennett, A. A. Aristidou, and C.-H. Chou "Strategies in high-level expression of recombinant protein in Escherichia coli," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 721, 257-267 (1994)

• C. P. Chou and B. Arab “METHODS AND ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEME BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY PRODUCTS”, US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/602,463 filed on November 24, 2023 and US PCT Patent Application No. PCT/CA2024/051556 filed on November 22, 2024; Publication No. WO/2025/107082 [This invention has been assigned to Ardra, Inc. (Canada).]

• D. A. Chung, M. E. Pyne, M. Bruder, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Harnessing heterologous and endogenous CRISPR-Cas machineries for efficient markerless genome editing in clostridium”, Australian Patent number 2017260714 (Acceptance date: January 18, 2024; Expiry date: July 4, 2037); US Patent Publication number US 2019/0144846 A1 (filed on October 31, 2018); New Zealand Patent application number 748874 (Acceptance date: August 22, 2025)

• D. A. Chung, M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Electrotransformation of Clostridium pasteurianum”, Australian Patent, Application number 2014205009 (Patent date: January 8, 2014; Acceptance date: May 21, 2020; Expiry date: January 8, 2034)

• K. Srirangan, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Engineering of Escherichia coli for direct and modulated biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer using unrelated carbon sources”, U.S. Patent Application 62/399,595 (filing date: September 26, 2016)

• M. Bruder, M. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. Chung, C. P. Chou, “Extending CRISPR-Cas9 technology from genome editing to transcriptional engineering in Clostridium”, U.S. Patent Application 62/366,111 (filing date: July 24, 2016)

• A. Westbrook, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Development of a CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit for comprehensive engineering of Bacillus subtilis”, U.S. Patent Application 62/341,614 (filing date: May 25, 2016)

• M. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. Chung, C. P. Chou, “Genome-directed analysis of prophage excision, host defence systems, and central fermentative metabolism in Clostridium pasteurianum”, U.S. Patent Application 62/344,785 (filing date: May 11, 2016)

• K. Srirangan, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Engineering Escherichia coli for microbial production of butanone”, U.S. Patent Application 62/294,267, (filing date: February 11, 2016)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, C. P. Chou, “Antisense-RNA-Mediated Gene Downregulation in Clostridium Pasteurianum”, US Patent Application 62/264,318 (filing date: December 7, 2015)

• K. Srirangan, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Biochemical, Genetic, and Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Enhance Coproduction of 1-Propanol and Ethanol in Engineered Escherichia coli”, U.S. Patent Application 62/150,257, (filing date: April 20, 2015)

• K. Srirangan, L. Akawi, M. Moo-Young, C. P. Chou, “Engineering Escherichia coli for high-level production of propionate”, U.S. Patent Application 62/150,242, (filing date: April 20, 2015)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, C. P. Chou, “Expansion of the Genetic Toolkit for Metabolic Engineering of Clostridium Pasteurianum: Chromosomal Gene Disruption of the Endogenous CpaAI Restriction Enzyme”, US Patent Application 62/067,424 (filing date: October 22, 2014); International PCT application: CA2015051080 (filing date: October 22, 2015)

• M. E. Pyne, M. Moo-Young, D. A. Chung, C. P. Chou, “Electrotransformation of Clostridium pasteurianum”, US Patent 14/150,764 (abandoned); International PCT application: PCT/CA2014/050181 (filing date: June 29, 2015); Singapore: SG11201505376VA

• S. Brand, C. P. Chou (Primary Inventor), and M. Moo-Young, "Novel Soluble CD83 Polypeptides, Formulations and Methods of Use", Application Number: PCT/US2009/003174; Publication number: WO2009/142759; US2011/0182903 A1; Publication date: July 28, 2011. [This invention in new drug discovery and development has been assigned to Argos Therapeutics, Inc. (NC, USA).]