What is a major? What is a minor?

A student pilot in Waterloo's aviation program leans forward as she prepares to land on a runway

A student in Waterloo's Science and Aviation program prepares to land at the Waterloo Waterloo Flight Centre.

Applying to university can mean learning some new terminology. Here are some common terms and ways to tailor your degree to your interests.

What is a major?

A major is the subject that's the main focus of your studies in university.

Majors include Biology, Environment and Business, Health Sciences, Geological Engineering, Pure Mathematics, Psychology, and more. Most of the 40 or so courses you'll take to earn your degree will be in your major. All students normally have a major.

The terms major and program are often used interchangeably. View

Waterloo's majors/programs →

What is a minor?

A minor is a group of courses in a particular subject or theme that complements your main area of study.

Minors require 8 to 10 courses to complete (out of the 40 or so needed for your degree) and can be related or unrelated to the main focus of your studies, i.e., your major. Minors (which are optional) are an easy way to make two or more subjects part of your degree.

Minors available at Waterloo →

What is an option?

Options are available only within your home faculty.

For example, only students within the Faculty of Engineering can choose Engineering options. An option provides depth to your degree and usually requires six to eight courses.

What is a specialization?

Specializations are available only within your major.

These require four to seven courses and will be closely related to your major. For example, only students majoring in English can choose the Digital Media Studies or Technical Writing specializations.

What is a degree?

A university degree is awarded to students who have successfully completed a specific number of courses or credits in a particular field of study.

An undergraduate degree is what you would earn after high school. There are also two levels of graduate degrees: master's and doctoral or PhD.

What is a double major or joint honours?

In some programs, you can choose a double major or joint honours degree. This lets you really focus on two main areas of interest. Of the 40 or so courses needed to earn your degree, nearly all of them would be in your two majors.

You can choose two majors in the same faculty, e.g., Political Science and French (both within the Faculty of Arts). You can also choose majors in different faculties, e.g., Environment, Resources and Sustainability (Faculty of Environment) and Biology (Faculty of Science).

If you choose a minor, option, specialization, double major, or joint honours, it will appear on your university diploma when you graduate.

For example, you might graduate with a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English, a minor in biology, and a creative writing specialization. Minors, options, and specializations aren't available in all programs. And in some programs, you can do a couple of minors, options, or specializations.

If all these choices are confusing, just email our Visitors Centre and they'll connect you to the right person. Or contact the recruitment co-ordinator for your faculty/program of interest and they'd be happy to help.

What's the difference between program and major?

Program and major are often used interchangeably.

At Waterloo, your major is your program when you apply to it directly from high school, e.g., Kinesiology, Geomatics, Civil Engineering. These are also called entry programs because you "enter" university through them.

In other cases, you'll apply to a program such as Honours Arts or Honours Science and then choose a major such as History or Biology.

What is an undergraduate program?

An undergraduate program is the first level of university studies and what you study after finishing high school.

It normally takes three to five years to complete and leads to a Bachelor's or Baccalaureate degree, e.g., Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Mathematics, Bachelor of Science. Students pursuing an undergraduate degree are called undergraduate students.

Once you finish your undergraduate studies, you can apply to a graduate or professional program (e.g., Master's degree, law school, medical school, PhD). Waterloo offers more than 180 graduate programs.

What is a faculty?

A faculty is made of up academic departments and professional schools that are home to programs, professors and advisors, research labs and classrooms, as well as study and social spaces.

There are six faculties at Waterloo: Arts, Engineering, Environment, Health, Mathematics, and Science.

How do you choose a major, minor, option, etc.?

If you have questions about majors, minors, options. or specializations, contact the faculty that offers your program for advice. You can also email our Visitors Centre if you're unsure who to contact.

Once you're a Waterloo student, academic advisors can help plan which courses you'd like to take, including any minors, options, or specializations (if those are possible with your major).